La descolonización no es una metáfora.

Contenido principal del artículo

Autores

Eve Tuck
K. Wayne Yang

Resumen

Nuestro objetivo en este artículo es recordarle a los lectores lo inquietante de la descolonización. La descolonización trae consigo la repatriación de la tierra y la vida Indígena; no es una metáfora de otras cosas que queremos hacer para mejorar nuestras sociedades. La fácil adopción del discurso descolonizador evidenciado por el creciente número de llamados a «descolonizar nuestras escuelas», o utilizar «métodos descolonizadores» o «descolonizar el pensamiento», convierte la descolonización en una metáfora. Por importantes que sean sus metas, la justicia social, las metodologías críticas o los enfoques que descentralizan las perspectivas del colonizador tienen objetivos que pueden ser inconmensurables con la descolonización. Debido a que el colonialismo de asentamiento se construye sobre una estructura de tríada enmarañada de colononativo-esclavo, los deseos descoloniales de las personas blancas, no blancas, inmigrantes, poscoloniales y oprimidas pueden enredarse de manera similar en el reasentamiento, la reocupación y la reinserción que, en realidad, fomentan el colonialismo de asentamiento. La metaforización de la descolonización hace posible una serie de evasiones, o «movidas de colonos hacia la inocencia», que intentan conciliar de manera problemática la culpa y la complicidad de los colonos, y rescatar el futuro de los colonos. En este artículo, analizamos múltiples movidas de colonos hacia la inocencia con el fin de promover «una ética de inconmensurabilidad» que reconozca lo que es distinto y lo que es soberano para los proyectos de descolonización en relación con los proyectos de justicia social basados en los derechos humanos y civiles. También señalamos temas inquietantes dentro de las descolonizaciones transnacionales / del Tercer Mundo, la abolición y las pedagogías críticas del espacio-lugar, que desafían la coalescencia de los esfuerzos de justicia social, dando lugar a alianzas potenciales más significativas.

Palabras clave:

Detalles del artículo

Referencias

Ahmed, S. (2000). Strange encounters: Embodied others in postcoloniality. New York: Routledge.

Aiken, C. S. (1990). A new type of black ghetto in the plantation South. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 80(2), 223-246.

Alexander, J. (2002). Remembering this bridge, remembering ourselves. En G. Anzaldúa & A. Keating (Eds.), This place we call home: Radical visions for transformation (pp. 81-103). New York: Routledge.

Anderson, B. R. O. G. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.

Arvin, M., Tuck, E., y Morrill, A. (2013). Decolonizing feminism: Challenging connections between settler colonialism and heteropatriarchy. Feminist Formations, 25(1), 8-34.

Bang, M. E. (2009). Understanding students’ epistemologies: Examining practice and meaning in community contexts. (Dissertation Abstracts International, 70-12.)

Barker, A.J. (2009). The contemporary reality of Canadian imperialism, settler colonialism, and the hybrid colonial state. The American Indian Quarterly, 33(3) pp. 325-351.

Belin, E. G. (1999). Bluesing on the Brown vibe. En From the belly of my beauty: Poems. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 3-6.Bottom of Form

Berger, B.R. (2004). Indian policy and the imagined Indian woman. Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 14, 103-115.

Blackburn, R. (2006). Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution. The William and Mary Quarterly, 63, 4, 643-674.

Blow, C. (May 25, 2012). Plantations, Prisons and Profits. Nytimes.com. Acceso: 4 de junio, 2012 en http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/opinion/blow-plantations-prisonsand-profits.html?_r=1&smid=fb-share

Bruyneel, K. (2007). The Third space of Sovereignty: The Postcolonial politics of U.S.- Indigenous relations. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Bruyneel, K. (2004). Challenging American Boundaries: Indigenous People and the “Gift” of U.S. Citizenship. Studies in American Political Development, 18, 30-43.

Butterfield, L. H. (January 01, 1954). Cooper’s Inheritance: The Otsego country and its founders. New York History, 35, 374-411.

Byrd, J. A. (2011). The transit of empire: Indigenous critiques of colonialism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Central Intelligence Agency. (12 de mayo, 2012). Haiti. The World Factbook. Acceso: 4 de junio, 2012, de https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html

Césaire, A., & Kelley, R. D. G. (2000). Discourse on colonialism. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Chang, C. (May 13, 2012). Louisiana is the world’s prison capital. The Time-Picayune. Nola.com. Acceso: 23 de agosto, 2012 en http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2012/05/louisiana_is_the_worlds_prison.html

Childs, D. (2009). “You Ain’t Seen Nothin’ Yet”: Beloved, the American Chain Gang, and the Middle Passage Remix. American Quarterly, 61, 2, 271-297.

Cobb, J. C. (1992). The most southern place on earth: The Mississippi Delta and the roots of regional identity. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cooper, J. F. (2000). The last of the Mohicans (Volume 2). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia.

Deer, S. (2010). Relocation revisited: Sex trafficking of native women in the United States. William Mitchell Law Review, 36, 2, 621-683.

Deer, S. (2009). Decolonizing rape law: A native feminist synthesis of safety and sovereignty. Wicazo Sa Review, 24, 2.

Deloria, Jr. V. (1988). Custer died for your sins: An Indian manifesto. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Deloria, P. (1998). Playing Indian. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Equivocation. (2001). Etymonline. Douglas Harper. Acceso: 4 de junio, 2012, de http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=equivocation

Fanon, F. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press.

Fellows, M. L. and Razack, S. (1998). The race to innocence: Confronting hierarchical relations among women. Iowa Law Review.

Fiske, W. (August 18, 2004). The black-and-white world of Walter Ashby Plecker. Hamptonroads.com. Acceso: 4 de junio, 2012, de http://hamptonroads.com/2004/08/blackandwhite-world-walter-ashby-plecker

Ford, L. (2010). Settler sovereignty: Jurisdiction and indigenous people in America and Australia, 1788-1836. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.

Friedel, T. L. (2011). Looking for learning in all the wrong places: Urban Native youths’ cultured response to Western-oriented place-based learning. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 24, 5, 531-546.

Fujikane, C. (2012). Asian American critique and Moana Nui 2011: securing a future beyond empires, militarized capitalism and APEC. Inter-asia Cultural Studies, 13, 2, 189-210.

Fujikane, C., & Okamura, J. Y. (2008). Asian settler colonialism: From local governance to the habits of everyday life in Hawai’i. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

Gallay, A. (2009). Indian slavery in colonial America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Gaynor, T. (29 de febrero, 2012) Navajo file trademark suit against Urban Outfitters. Reuters. Last accessed June 3, 2012 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/usnavajo-urbanoutfitters-idUSTRE81S2IT20120229

Goeman, M. (2008). From Place to Territories and Back Again: Centering Storied Land in the discussion of Indigenous Nation-building. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, 1, 1, 23-34.

Goeman, M. R., & Denetdale, J. R. (2009). Native Feminisms: Legacies, Interventions, and Indigenous Sovereignties [Special Issue]. Wicazo Sa Review, 24, 2, 9-187.

Grande, S. (2004). Red pedagogy: Native American social and political thought. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Harjo, J. (2004). No. Accessed Aug. 1, 2012 at: http://www.joyharjo.com/news/2004/09/no.html

Hastings, A.W. (2007). L. Frank Baum’s editorials on Sioux Nation, academic website, last accessed June 3, 2012 at http://web.archive.org/web/20071209193251/http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm

Highest Common Denominator Media Group. (2009). The farm, 10 down. [DVD]. Highest Common Denominator Media Group.

Intertribal Friendship House (Oakland, Calif.). & Lobo, S. (2002). Urban voices: The Bay Area American Indian community. Tucson, Ariz: University of Arizona Press.

Jacobs, A. (2009). Undoing the harm of white supremacy. Masters Thesis, The Gallatin School, New York University.

Kawagley, A. O. (2010). Prefacio. En R. Barnhardt & A.O. Kawagley, (Eds.), Alaska Native education: Views from within. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Knowledge Network, University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Latour, F. (June 1 2012). The myth of Native American blood. Boston.com, Last accessed June 4, 2012 at http://www.boston.com/community/blogs/hyphenated_life/2012/06/the_myth_of_native_american_bl.html

Lee, T. S. (2011). Teaching Native youth, teaching about Native Peoples: Shifting the paradigm to socioculturally responsive education. En A.F. Ball & C. A. Tyson (Eds.), Studying Diversity in Teacher Education (pp. 275-293). Lanham, Maryland: Towman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

Lomawaima, K. T. & McCarty, T. L. (2006). To Remain an Indian: Lessons in democracy from a century of Native American education. New York: Teachers College Press.

Lorde, A. (1984). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press.

Maldonado, T. N. (2008). Against war: Views from the underside of modernity. Durham: Duke University Press.

Marez, C. (2007). Looking Beyond Property. Rikkyo American Studies, 279, pp. 9-28.


Mawhinney, J. (1998). ‘Giving up the ghost’: Disrupting the (re)production of white privilege in anti-racist pedagogy and organizational change. Masters Thesis, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto.

McCoy, K., Tuck, E., & McKenzie, M. (Eds.). (2017). Land education: Rethinking pedagogies of place from Indigenous, postcolonial, and decolonizing perspectives. New York: Routledge.

Memmi, A. (1991). The colonizer and the colonized. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Meyer, M. A. (2008). Indigenous and authentic: Hawaiian epistemology and the triangulation of meaning. En N. K. Denzin, Y. S. Lincoln, & L. T. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of critical and Indigenous methodologies (pp. 217-232). Los Angeles: Sage.

Morgensen, S. L. (2011). Spaces between us: Queer settler colonialism and indigenous decolonization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Moten, F. (2008). Black Op. PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 123, 5.

Moten, F., & Harney, S. (2004). The University and the Undercommons: Seven Theses. Social Text, 79, 101-116.

Moten, F., & Harney, S. (2010). Debt and Study. E-flux, 14, 14, 1-5.

Neegangwedgin, E. (2012). Chattling the Indigenous other: A historical examination of the enslavement of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. AlterNative 8(1).

Razack, S. (2002). Race, space, and the law. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Between the Lines.

Razack, S. (2007), Stealing the pain of others: Reflections on Canadian humanitarian responses. The Review of Education, Pedagogy and Culture Studies (29), 375-394.

Richardson, T. (2011). Navigating the problem of inclusion as enclosure in Native culturebased education: Theorizing shadow curriculum. Curriculum Inquiry, 41(3), 332-349.

Ross, L. (1998). Inventing the savage: The social construction of Native American criminality. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Roy, A. (2012, March 26). Capitalism: A Ghost story. Outlook India Magazine, online. Last Accessed June 3, 2012 at http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280234#.T2pIet94UTk

Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.

Saranillio, D.I. (2010a). Kēwaikaliko’s Benocide: Reversing the Imperial Gaze of Rice v. Cayetano and its Legal Progeny. American Quarterly, 62, 3, 457-476.

Saranillio, D.I. (2010b). Colliding Histories: Hawai‘i Statehood at the Intersection of Asians “Ineligible to Citizenship” and Hawaiians “Unfit for Self-Government”. Journal of Asian American Studies, 13, 3, 283-309.

Schuller, M. (2007). Haiti’s 200-Year Ménage-à-Trois: Globalization, the State, and Civil Society. Caribbean Studies, 35, 1.

Shapiro, T. M. (2004). The hidden cost of being African American: How wealth perpetuates inequality. New York, Oxford University Press.

Silva, D. F. (2007). Toward a global idea of race. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Somerville, Siobhan. “Staging Citizenship: Race and the Queer History of Naturalization in the U.S.”

Spiegel, M. (1988). The dreaded comparison. Mirror Books.

Spivak, G. C. 1985. Scattered speculations on the question of value. Diacritics, 15(4), 73–93.

Tuck, E. & Ree, C. (2013). A Glossary of haunting. En (Holman-Jones, S., Adams, T. & Ellis, C., (Eds.), Handbook of Autoethnography (pp. 639-658). SAGE Publications.

Villegas, M. (11 de abril, 2012). Data quality as an essential element of sovereignty: Education researchers linking hands with policymakers. Artículo presentado en la Conferencia Hands Forward: Sharing Indigenous Intellectual Traditions, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canadá.

Voeltz, F. (25 de abril, 2012). body of work / when you take away punctuation. Detail collector. http://frantelope.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/body-of-work-when-you-takeaway-punctuation/

Watson, I. 2007. ‘Settled and unsettled spaces: Are we free to roam?’ En A. MoretonRobinson (Ed.), Sovereign subjects: Indigenous sovereignty matters. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin, Australia.

Wolfe, P. (2007). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387 - 409.