"Rhodes deve cair" : as universidades da África do sul como lugar de luta.

A universidade na África do Sul tornou-se um lugar chave para as lutas no ano de 2015. Os professores e diretivos das universidades, assim como o governo, foram pegos por surpresa quando os estudantes se engajaram como cidadãos insurgentes, demandando uma descolonização imediata da Universidade. Aquilo que começou como o Movimento Rhodes deve Cair (RMF-Rhodes Must Fall), cujo alvo era a estátua de Ceceil John Rhodes na Universidade de Capetown, rapidamente se expandiu em direção a demandas mais amplas de justiça cognitiva, mudança de curriculum, retirada de símbolos coloniais ofensivos e do apartheid, direito à educação gratuita de qualidade, liberdade cultural e uma mudança integral do senso comum que reforça a origem ocidental da universidade na África para assim conceber uma Universidade Africana. O presente artigo estuda por que a universidade na África do Sul se tornou um lugar de luta e, ao mesmo tempo, explica os atuais protestos estudantis. No primeiro nível, o artigo localiza e teoriza o RMF dentro de um contexto mais amplo da crise euro-norte-americano-centrada e da modernidade assim como a história dos protestos na África que, por sua vez, abrange três fases dos protestos anticoloniais dos anos 1950 e 1960, a antiausteridade e os limites dos protestos reformistas dos anos 1980 e 1990, e os atuais levantes na África. Em outro nível, o artigo faz uma análise histórica e teoriza sobre os movimentos RMF no contexto da discutida ideia da África do Sul medida pelo «paradigma da diferença» e pelas práticas da «impossibilidade da co-presença». Em suma, o artigo fornece um quadro teórico e histórico sistemático e uma interpretação do terreno na qual o significado mais profundo dos atuais movimentos estudantis pode ser forjado.

1. Ashby, E. (1964). African Universities and Western Tradition: The Godkin Lectures at Harvard University. Londres: Oxford University Press.
2. Asmal, K. (2001). Foreword to Manifesto on Values, Education and Democracy. Pretoria: Departamento de Educación.
3. Barnes, T. (2007). Politics of the Mind and Body: Gender and Institutional Culture in African Universities. Feminist Africa, 8 (septiembre), 8-25.
4. Blyden, E.W. (1967). Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
5. Blyden, E.W. (1882). The Aims and Methods of a Liberal Education for Africans: Inaugural Address Delivered by Edward Wilmot Blyden, LL. D., President of Liberia College, January 5, 1818. Cambridge. Massachusets.
6. Branch, A. y Mampilly, Z. (2015). Africa Uprising: Popular Protest and Political Change. Ciudad del Cabo: HSRC Press.
7. Brown, J. (2015). South Africa’s Insurgent citizens: On Dissent and the Possibility of Politics. Johannesburg: Jacana.
8. Brown, J. (2010). ‘SASO’s Reluctant Embrace of Public Forms of Protest, 1968-1972.’ South Africa Historical Journal, (6294), 728-729.
9. Bundy, C. (2007). New Nation, New History? Constructing the Past in Post-Apartheid South Africa. En H. E. Stolten (eds.), History Making and Present Day Politics: The Meaning of Collective Memory in South Africa. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
10. Cesaire, A. (1972 [1955]). Discourse on Colonialism: Translated by Joan Pinkham. New York: Monthly Review Press.
11. Chabal, P. (2012). The End of Conceit: Western Rationality after Postcolonialism. Londres: Zed Books.
12. Charlton, R. (1996, 1o. de febrero). ‘Wits on A Survival Course’. The Star.
13. Chatterjee, P. (2011). The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
14. Cooper, B. y Morrell, R. (eds.). (2014). Africa-Centred Knowledges: Crossing Fields and Worlds. Oxford: James Currey.
15. Davies, J. (1996). The State and the South Africa University System under Apartheid. Comparative Education, 32(3), 319-332.
16. Depelchin, J. (2005). Silences in African History: Between the Syndromes of Discovery and Abolition. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
17. Du Bois, W.E. B. (1903). The Souls of Black Folk. Nueva York: Dover Publications, Inc.
18. Dubow, S. (2007). Thoughts on South Africa: Some Preliminary Ideas. En: H. E. Stolten (eds.), History Making and Present Day Politics: The Meaning of Collective Memory in South Africa. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
19. Falola, T. (2001). Nationalism and African Intellectuals. Rochester: Rochester University Press.
20. Fanon, F. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth: Translated by C. Farrrington. Nueva York: Grove Press.
21. Fukuyama, F. (2013, 28 de junio). The Middle Class Revolution. Wall Street Journal.
22. Goga, S. (2016). The Radical Refusal of the Colonial Gaze: A Reading of Post-Apartheid Social Reality Through the Recent Student Protests. Short Papers Series on Race and Identity.
23. Gordon, L.R. (2000). Existentia Africana: Understanding Africana Existential Thought. Nueva York: Routledge.
24. Grosfoguel, R. (2013). The Structure of Knowledge in Westernized Universities: Epistemic Racism/Sexism and the Four Genocides/Epistemicides of the Long 16th Century. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, XI (1), 73-90.
25. Grosfoguel, R. (2011). Decolonizing Postcolonial Studies and Paradigms of Political Economy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality. Modernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of Luso-Hispanic World, 1 (1), 1-39.
26. Grosfoguel, R. (2007). The Epistemic Decolonial Turn: Beyond Political-Economy Paradigms. Cultural Studies, 21(2/3), 203- 236.
27. Habib, A. (2015). Accelerating Transformation for an Inclusive and Competitive Wits. Focus: The Journal of Helen Suzman Foundation, 76, 8-10.
28. Halisi, C. R. D. (1999). Black Political Thought in the Making of South African Democracy. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
29. Hart, G. (2013). Rethinking the South African Crisis: Nationalism, Populism, Hegemony. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
30. Harvey, D. (2012). Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. Londres: Verso.
31. Hayford, J.E.C. (1911). Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation. Londres: Frank Cass.
32. Heffernan, A. (2015). Black Consciousness’s Lost Leader: Abraham Tiro, the University of the North, and the Seeds of South Africa’s Student Movement in the 1970s. Journal of Southern African Studies, 41(1), 173-186.
33. Honwana, A. (2013). Youth and Revolution in Tunisia. Londres: Zed Books.
34. Johnston, A. (2014). South Africa: Inventing the Nation. Londres & Nueva York: Bloomsbury Academic.
35. July. R.W. (1987). An African Voice: The Role of the Humanities in African Independence. Durham: Duke University Press.
36. Juma, C. (2011, 28 de julio). The African Summer. Foreign Policy, Recuperado de http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/28/the_africa_summer
37. Kamola, I.A. (2011). Pursuing Excellence in a World-Class African University: The Mamdani Affair and the politics of Global Higher Education. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 9(1/2), 121-142.
38. Lushaba, L.S. (2016). Is Decoloniality an Answer to Transformation and Africanization? Artículo inédito para presentación en la semana de la Investigación y la Innovación, Universidad de South Africa, marzo, 2016.
39. Luthuli, A. (2006). Let My People Go: The Autobiography of Albert Luthuli. Houghton: Mafube Publishing (Pty) Limited.
40. Macqueen, I. (2013). Students, Apartheid and the Ecumenical Movement in South Africa, 1960-1975. Journal of Southern African Studies, 39(2): 447-463.
41. Magubane, B.M. (1979). The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa. Nueva York y Londres: Monthly Review Press.
42. Magubane, B. (1977). The Poverty of Liberal Analysis: A Polemic on Southern Africa. Review, 1(2), 147-166.
43. Makgoba, M.W. (1997). Mokoko: The Makgoba Affair: A Reflection on Transformation. Florida: Vivlia Publishers.
44. Maldonado-Torres, N. (2012). Decoloniality at Large: Towards-Americas and Global Transmodern Paradigm (Introduction to Special Issue of ‘Thinking Through the Decolonial Turn’). Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of Luso-Hispanic World, 1(3), 2-25.
45. Maldonado-Torres, N. (2011). Thinking Through the Decolonial Turn: Post-Continental Interventions in Theory, Philosophy, and Critique —An Introduction. Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 1(2), 1-39.
46. Mamdani, M. (2015). Beyond Nuremberg: The Historical Significance of the Post-Apartheid Transition in South Africa. Politics and Society, 43(1), 61-88.
47. Mamdani, M. (2013). Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
48. Mamdani, M. (1998). Is African Studies To Be Turned Into A New Home for Bantu Education at UCT? Centre for African Studies, Ciudad del Cabo.
49. Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizens and Subjects: The Legacy of Late Colonialism in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
50. Mamdani, M. (ed.). (1995). Teaching Africa at the Post-Apartheid University of Cape Town: A Critical View of the ‘Introduction to Africa’ Course in the Social Science and Humanities Faculty Foundation Semester. Rondebosch: Universidad de Ciudad del Cabo.
51. Mamdani, M. (1995). A Reflection on Higher Education in Equatorial Africa: Some Lessons for South Africa. South African Journal of Higher Education, 9.
52. Mamdani, M. (1992, 10 de octubre). Africa: Democratic Theory and Democratic Struggles. Economic and Political Weekly, 27(41), 2228-2235.
53. Maseko, R. (2016). Being a Black Mine Worker in South Africa: The Case of Anglo Platinum Mine. Tesis de doctorado inédita, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
54. Mignolo, W.D. (2000). Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledge, and Border Thinking. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
55. Mignolo, W.D. (1995). The Dark Side of Renaissance: Literacy, Territory, and Colonization. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
56. Mudimbe, V.Y. (1994). The Idea of Africa. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
57. Mudimbe, V.Y. (1988). The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
58. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2016, 1o. de marzo). Is Decoloniality the Answer to the Problems of Transformation and Africanization? Conferencia presentada en la semana de la investigación y la innovación, Senate Hall, University of South Africa.
59. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2015). Decoloniality in Africa: A Continuing Search for a New World Order. Australasian Review of African Studies, 36(2), 22-50.
60. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2013). Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization. Dakar: Codesria Book Series.
61. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2013). Empire, Global Coloniality and African Subjectivity. Nueva York y Oxford: Berghahn Books.
62. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2008). Black Republicanism, Nativism and Populist Politics in South Africa. Transformation, 68, 53-86.
63. Neocosmos, M. (2008). From ‘Foreign Natives’ to ‘Native Foreigners’: Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Citizenship and Nationalism, Identity and Politics. Dakar: Codesria Books.
64. Ngugi wa Thiong’o. (1986). Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Publishing Ltd.
65. Nkondo, M.G. (Ed.). (1976). Turfloop Testimony: The Dilemma of a Black University in South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
66. Nkrumah, K. (1965). Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism. Londres: Panaf.
67. Ntsebeza, L. (s.d.). The Mafeje and UCT Saga: Unfinished Business. Unpublished Paper, University of Cape Town.
68. Nyamnjoh, F. (2012). Potted Plants in Greenhouses: A Critical Reflection on the Resilience of Colonial Education in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 47(2), 129-154.
69. Onimode, B. (1992). A Future for Africa: Beyond the Politics of Adjustment. Londres: Earthscan.
70. Owomonyela, O. (1996). The African Difference: Discourses on Africanity and the Relativity of Cultures. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
71. Pratt, R.C. (1965). African Universities and Western Tradition —Some East African Reflections. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 3(3), 421-428.
72. Rathbone. R. (1977). Student Politics. The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 15(2), 105-119.
73. Rodney, W. (1972). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Londres: Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications.
74. Santos, B. de S. (2007). Beyond Abyssal Thinking: From Global Lines to Ecologies of Knowledge. Review, XXX (1), 45-89.
75. Schuster, L. (2004). A Burning Hunger: One Family’s Struggle Against Apartheid. Athens: Ohio University Press.
76. Statman, J.M. y Ansell, A.E. (2000). The Rise and Fall of the Makgoba Affair: A Case Study of Symbolic Politics. Politikon, 27(2), 267-289.
77. Tabata, I.B. (1959). Education for Barbarism: Bantu (Apartheid) Education in South Africa. Londres: Prometheus.
78. Tabensky, P. y Mathews, S. (eds.). (2015). Being at Home: Race, Institutional Culture and Transformation at South African Higher Education Institutions. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
79. Wallerstein, I. (1991). Introduction: Why Unthink? En: Immanuel Wallerstein (ed.), Unthinking Social Science: The Limits of Nineteenth Century Paradigms (pp. 1-30). Cambridge: Polity Press.
80. Webster, E. (1998). ‘Wits’ Going On? Revisiting the Makgoba Affair. Southern Africa Report, 13(2), 1-5.
81. West, C. (1987). Race and Social Theory: Towards a Genealogical Materialist Analysis. En Mike Davis, Manning Marable, Fred Pfeil and Michael Sprinker (eds.), The Year Left: Volume 2: Towards a Rainbow Socialism: Essays on Race, Ethnicity, Class, and Gender. Londres: Verso.
82. Žižek, S. (2011). Living in the End Times. Londres: Verso.