De la crueldad animal a la dominación social interespecie y el autoritarismo: una revisión teórica desde la psicología social
From animal cruelty to interspecies social domination and authoritarianism: A theoretical review from social psychology
Mostrar biografía de los autores
Este artículo busca presentar un debate teórico contemporáneo, a partir de una extensa revisión de literatura especializada, en el campo de la psicología social y política sobre la configuración del prejuicio y la dominación interespecie —especismo— y entre grupos sociales humanos, así como su irreductible imbricación analítica. Para ello, este texto se divide en tres apartados. En el primero, a modo de introducción se presentan investigaciones pioneras desde el campo de la psicología y la criminología, las que a partir de los años ochenta empezaron el estudio de la relación entre la crueldad hacia los animales y la violencia interpersonal. En el segundo, se esbozan los modelos teóricos más relevantes para el estudio del especismo, que toman como base la teoría de la dominación social, junto con otras categorías analíticas relevantes como: estrés traumático inducido por perpetración, estrés moral y adormecimiento psíquico, que permiten explicar procesos psicosociales subyacentes a la violencia especista. Finalmente, se expone la masculinización de este tipo de violencia y los mecanismos de genderización detrás de la dominación social
Visitas del artículo 373 | Visitas PDF 187
Descargas
- Adams, C. J. (2016). La política sexual de la carne. Ochodoscuatro ediciones.
- Adams, C. J. (1991). Ecofeminism and the Eating of Animals. Hypatia, 6(1), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1991.tb00213.x
- Agnew, R. (1998). The causes of animal abuse: A social-psychological analysis. Theoretical Criminology, 2(2), 177–209. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093390-4
- Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., & Bergh, R. (2011). Generalized prejudice: Common and specific components. Psychological Science, 22(1), 57–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610390384 .
- Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-Wing Authoritarianism. University of Manitoba Press.
- Amiot, C. E., & Bastian, B. (2015). Toward a Psychology of Human-Animal Relations. Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 6–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038147
- Arluke, A. (1994). Managing Emotions in an Animal Shelter. In A. Manning & J. Serpell (Eds.), Animals & Society: Changing Perspectives (pp. 145–165). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203421444-11
- Arluke, A., Luke, C., & Ascione, F. (1999). The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(14), 963–975. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/088626099014009004
- Ascione, F. R. (1998). Battered Women’s Reports of Their Partners’ and Their Children’s Cruelty to Animals. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(1), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v01n01_06
- Ascione, F. R. (2001, September). Animal Abuse and Human Violence. U.S. Department of Justice, 1–15.
- Ascione, F. R. (1993). Children Who are Cruel to Animals: A Review of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychopathology. Anthrozoös, 6(4), 226–247. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279393787002105
- Ascione, F. R., Weber, C. V., & Wood, D. S. (1997). The Abuse of Animals and Domestic Violence: A National Survey of Shelters for Women who are Battered. Society and Animals, 5(3), 205–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/156853097X00132
- Baldry, A. C. (2003). Animal Abuse and Exposure to Interparental Violence in Italian Youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(3), 258–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502250081
- Baran, B. E., Rogelberg, S. G., & Clausen, T. (2016). Routinized killing of animals: Going beyond dirty work and prestige to understand the well-being of slaughterhouse workers. Organization, 23(3), 351–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508416629456
- Bastian, B., Costello, K., Loughnan, S., & Hodson, G. (2012). When Closing the HumanAnimal Divide Expands Moral Concern: The Importance of Framing. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(4), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611425106
- Batson, D. (2009). These Things Called Empathy: Eight Related but Distinct Phenomena. In J. Cacioppo & G. Bernston (Eds.), The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (pp. 3–15). The MIT Press
- Beirne, P. (1995). The Use and Abuse of Animals in Criminology: A Brief History and Current Review. Social Justice, 22(1), 5–31.
- Beirne, P. (2004). From animal abuse to interhuman violence? A critical review of the progression thesis. Society and Animals, 12(1), 39–65. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853004323029531
- Bell, L. (2001). Abusing Children - Abusing Animals. Journal of Social Work, 1(2), 223– 234. https://doi.org/10.1177/146801730100100207
- Berenguer, J. (2007). The Effect of Empathy in Proenvironmental Attitudes and Behaviors. Environment and Behavior, 39(2), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506292937
- Broadway, M. J. (2000). Planning for Change in Small Towns or Trying to Avoid the Slaughterhouse Blues. Journal of Rural Studies, 16(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00038-8
- Bronner, S. J. (2004). “This Is Why We Hunt”: Social-Psychological Meanings of the Traditions and Rituals of Deer Camp. Western Folklore, 63(1), 11–50.
- Connell, R. W. (2003). Masculinidades. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coordinación de Humanidades, Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género.
- Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2010). Exploring the roots of dehumanization: The role of animal-human similarity in promoting immigrant humanization. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 13(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209347725
- Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2014). Explaining dehumanization among children: The interspecies model of prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53(1), 175–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12016
- Coston, C. T. M., & Protz, B. M. (1998). Kill your dog, beat your wife, screw your neighbor’s kids, rob a bank?: a cursory look at an individual’s vat of social chaos resulting from deviance. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 26(2), 153–158.
- Crespo Carrillo, C. A. (2017). Algunos aspectos psicológicos para explicar el desarrollo de la afición taurina. Anamnesis. Revista de Bioética, 12, 19–28.
- Dadds, M. R., Turner, C. M., & McAloon, J. (2002). Developmental Links between Cruelty to Animals and Human Violence. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 35(3), 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1375/000486502320814377
- de Backer, C., Erreygers, S., de Cort, C., Vandermoere, F., Dhoest, A., Vrinten, J., & van Bauwel, S. (2020). Meat and masculinities. Can differences in masculinity predict meat consumption, intentions to reduce meat and attitudes towards vegetarians? Appetite, 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104559
- DeViney, E., Dickert, J., & Lockwood, R. (1983). The Care of Pets Within Child Abusing Families. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, 4(4), 321–329. http://search.proquest.com/docview/616882281?accountid=11233%5Cnhttp://sfx.scholarsportal.info/guelph?genre=article&sid=ProQ:&atitle=Thecareofpetswithinchildabusingfamilies.&title=InternationalJournalfo theStudofAnimalProblems&issn=0195-755
- Dhont, K., & Hodson, G. (2014). Why do right-wing adherents engage in more animal exploitation and meat consumption? Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.002
- Dhont, K., Hodson, G., Costello, K., & MacInnis, C. C. (2014). Social dominance orientation connects prejudicial human-human and human-animal relations. Personality and Individual Differences, 61–62, 105–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.12.020
- Dhont, K., Hodson, G., & Leite, A. C. (2016). Common Ideological Roots of Speciesism and Generalized Ethnic Prejudice: The Social Dominance Human–Animal Relations Model (SD-HARM). European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 507–522 https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2069
- Dhont, K., Hodson, G., Loughnan, S., & Amiot, C. E. (2019). Rethinking humananimal relations: The critical role of social psychology. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 769–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219864455
- Dillard, J. (2007). A Slaughterhouse Nightmare: Psychological Harm Suffered by Slaughterhouse Employees and the Possibility of Redress through Legal Reform. Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy, 1–18. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1016401
- Eisnitz, G. A. (2007). Slaughterhouse: the shocking story of greed, neglect, and inhumane treatment inside the U.S. meat industry. Prometheus Books.
- Emhan, A., Yildiz, A. Ş., Bez, Y., & Kingir, S. (2009). Psychological Symptom Profile of Butchers Working in Slaughterhouse and Retail Meat Packing Business: A Comparative Study. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 18(2), 319–322. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2011.5494
- Epley, N., Waytz, A., Akalis, S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). When we need a human: Motivational determinants of anthropomorphism. Social Cognition, 26(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.143
- Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). On Seeing Human: A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114(4), 864–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.864
- Everett, J. A. C., Caviola, L., Savulescu, J., & Faber, N. S. (2019). Speciesism, generalized prejudice, and perceptions of prejudiced others. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 785–803. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218816962
- Felthous, A. R. (1981). Childhood Cruelty to Cats, Dogs and Other Animals. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 9(1), 48–53.
- Felthous, A. R., & Kellert, S. R. (1987). Childhood cruelty to animals and later aggression against people: A review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 38(12), 1113–1129. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.6.710
- Filippi, M., Riccitelli, G., Falini, A., Salle, F. di, Vuilleumier, P., Comi, G., & Rocca, M. A. (2010). The brain functional networks associated to human and animal suffering differ among omnivores, vegetarians and vegans. PLoS ONE, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010847
- Fitzgerald, A. J., Kalof, L., & Dietz, T. (2009). Slaughterhouses and increased crime rates: An empirical analysis of the spillover from “The Jungle” into the surrounding community. Organization and Environment, 22(2), 158–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026609338164
- Flynn, C. P. (2000). Battered Women and Their Animal Companions: Symbolic Interaction Between Human and Nonhuman Animals. Society and Animals, 8(2), 99– 127. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853000511032
- Fogle, B., & Abrahamson, D. (1990). Pet Loss: A Survey of the Attitudes and Feelings of Practicing Veterinarians. Anthrozoös, 3(3), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279390787057568
- Foster, G. (1975). Cockfighting: The Social Structure of a Deviant Subculture. (Master Thesis). Western Kentucky University.
- Frommer, S. S., & Arluke, A. (1999). Loving Them to Death: Blame-Displacing Strategies of Animal Shelter Workers and Surrenderers. Society and Animals, 7(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853099X00121
- Gaard, G. (2002). Vegetarian Ecofeminism: A Review Essay. A Journal of Women Studies, 23(3), 117–146. https://doi.org/10.1353/fro.2003.0006
- Geertz, C. (1972). Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight: The MIT Press, 101(1), 1–37
- Goff, P. A., Eberhardt, J. L., Williams, M. J., & Jackson, M. C. (2008). Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization, and Contemporary Consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292
- Greenebaum, J., & Dexter, B. (2018). Vegan men and hybrid masculinity. Journal of Gender Studies, 27(6), 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2017.1287064
- Hall, J. A., & Schwartz, R. (2019). Empathy present and future. Journal of Social Psychology, 159(3), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442
- Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An Integrative Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003
- Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., Loughnan, S., Shi, J., & Suitner, C. (2008). Subhuman, inhuman, and superhuman: Contrasting humans with nonhumans in three cultures. Social Cognition, 26(2), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.248
- Haslam, N., & Loughnan, S. (2014). Dehumanization and infrahumanization. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurevpsych-010213-115045
- Hawley, F. (1993). The Moral and Conceptual Universe of Cockfighters: Symbolism and Rationalization. Society and Animals, 1(2), 159–168.
- Herzog, H. (2002). Ethical Aspects of Relationships Between Humans and Research Animals. ILAR Journal, 43(1), 27–32. https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal/article/43/1/27/845912
- Herzog, H. A. (2007). Gender Differences in Human-Animal Interactions: A review. Anthrozoös, 20(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279307780216687
- Hill, A. M. (1993). The Motivational Bases of Attitudes Toward Animals. Society and Animals, 1(2), 111–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/156853093X00028
- Hodson, G., & Costello, K. (2007). Interpersonal Disgust, Ideological Orientations, and Dehumanization as Predictors of Intergroup Attitudes. Psychological Science, 18(8), 691–698. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01962.x
- Hyers, L. L. (2006). Myths used to legitimize the exploitation of animals: An application of Social Dominance Theory. Anthrozoos, 19(3), 194–210. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279306785415538
- Jones, D. N., & Neria, A. L. (2015). The Dark Triad and dispositional aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.021
- Jones, P. (2010). Roosters, hawks and dawgs: Toward an inclusive, embodied eco/feminist psychology. Feminism and Psychology, 20(3), 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353510368120
- Joy, M. (2002). Psychic Numbing and Meat Consumption: The Psychology of Carnism. Saybrook University
- Kalof, L., & Fitzgerald, A. (2003). Reading the trophy: Exploring the display of dead animals in hunting magazines. Visual Studies, 18(2), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725860310001631985
- Kalof, L., Fitzgerald, A., & Baralt, L. (2004). Animals, Women, and Weapons: Blurred Sexual Boundaries in the Discourse of Sport Hunting. Society and Animals, 12(3), 237– 251. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568530042880695
- Kavanagh, P. S., Signal, T. D., & Taylor, N. (2013). The Dark Triad and animal cruelty: Dark personalities, dark attitudes, and dark behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 666–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.019
- Kellert, S. R., & Felthous, A. R. (1985). Childhood Cruelty toward Animals among Criminals and Noncriminals. Human Relations, 38(12), 1113–1129. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678503801202
- Kwan, V. S. Y., & Fiske, S. T. (2008). Missing links in social cognition: The continuum from nonhuman agents to dehumanized humans. Social Cognition, 26(2), 125–128. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.125
- Lee, S. A., & Quarles, L. (2012). Who Feels Sympathy for Roosters Used in Cockfighting? Examining the Influence of Feelings, Belief in Animal Mind, Personality, and EmpathyRelated Traits. Society and Animals, 20(4), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341263
- Leibler, J. H., Janulewicz, P. A., & Perry, M. J. (2017). Prevalence of serious psychological distress among slaughterhouse workers at a United States beef packing plant. Work, 57(1), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-172543
- Loughnan, S., Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2014). The Psychology of Eating Animals. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(2), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414525781
- Luke, B. (1998). Violent Love: Hunting, Heterosexuality, and the Erotics of Men’s Predation. Feminist Studies, 24(3), 627–655.
- MacNair, R. M. (2002). Perpetration-induced traumatic stress: The psychological consequences of killing. Greenwood publishing.
- Marvin, G. (1984). The Cockfight in Andalusia, Spain: Images of the Truly Male. Anthropological Quarterly, 57(2), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/3317580
- Merz-Perez, L., Heide, K. M., & Silverman, I. J. (2001). Childhood Cruelty to Animals and Subsequent Violence against Humans. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(5), 556–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X01455003
- Owens, C. E., Davis, R., & Smith, B. H. (1981). The Psychology of Euthanizing Animals: The Emotional Components. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, 2(1981), 19–26. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?f=2012/OV/OV20120100670010067.xml;US19820759430
- Paniagua, C. (2008). Psicología de la afición taurina. Ars Médica. Revista de Humanidades, 2, 140–157.
- Paul, E. S. (2000). Empathy with Animals and with Humans: Are they linked? Anthrozoös, 13(4), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279300786999699
- Perry, A., Bentin, S., Bartal, I. B. A., Lamm, C., & Decety, J. (2010). “Feeling” the pain of those who are different from us: Modulation of EEG in the mu/alpha range. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(4), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.4.493
- Piazza, J., Ruby, M. B., Loughnan, S., Luong, M., Kulik, J., Watkins, H. M., & Seigerman, M. (2015). Rationalizing meat consumption. The 4Ns. Appetite, 91, 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.011
- Pink, S. (2003). “She wasn’t Tall Enough and Breasts Get in the Way”: Why Would a Woman Bullfighter Retire? Identities, 10(4), 427–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/714947400
- Plous, S. (2003). Is there such a thing as prejudice toward animals? In S. Plous (ed.). Understanding Prejudice and Discrimination (pp. 509-528). McGraw Hill.
- Porcher, J., & Cousson-Gélie, F. (2004). Affective Components of the Human-Animal Relationship in Animal Husbandry: Development and Validation of a Questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 95(5), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.275-290
- Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S. (2006). Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward. European Review of Social Psychology, 17(1), 271–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280601055772
- Reeve, C. L., Spitzmüller, C., Rogelberg, S. G., Walker, A., Schultz, L., & Clark, O. (2004). Employee Reactions and Adjustment to Euthanasia-Related Work: Identifying Turning-Point Events Through Retrospective Narratives. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 7(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0701_1
- Rohlf, V., & Bennett, P. (2005). Perpetration-induced traumatic stress in persons Who euthanize nonhuman animals in surgeries, animal shelters, and laboratories. Society and Animals, 13(3), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568530054927753
- Rollin, B. E. (1987). Euthanasia and Moral Stress. Loss, Grief & Care, 1(1), 115–126. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315826202
- Rothgerber, H. (2013). Real men don’t eat (vegetable) quiche: Masculinity and the justification of meat consumption. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14(4), 363–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030379
- Ruby, M. B., & Heine, S. J. (2011). Meat, morals, and masculinity. Appetite, 56(2), 447–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.018
- Sanders, C. R. (1995). Killing with Kindness: Veterinary Euthanasia and the Social Construction of Personhood. Sociological Forum, 10(2), 195–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02095958
- Schultz, P. W. (2000). Empathizing With Nature: The Effects of Perspective Taking on Concern for Environmental Education. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 391-406. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 391–406. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00174
- Sevillano, V., Aragonés, J. I., & Schultz, W. P. (2007). Perspective Taking, Environmental Concern, and the Moderating Role of Dispositional Empathy. Environment and Behavior, 39(5), 685–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506292334
- Sidanius, J., Cotterill, S., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Kteily, N., & Carvacho, H. (2016). Social Dominance Theory: Explorations in the Psychology of Oppression. In C. G. Sibley & F. K. Barlow (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice (pp. 149– 187). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.008
- Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social Dominance: An Intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175043
- Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2002). An Integrated Threat Theory of Prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–46). Erlbaum.
- Tallichet, S. E., & Hensley, C. (2004). Exploring the link between recurrent acts of childhood and adolescent animal cruelty and subsequent violent crime. Criminal Justice Review, 29(2), 304–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/073401680402900203
- Taylor, N., & Signal, T. D. (2005). Empathy and attitudes to animals. Anthrozoös, 18(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279305785594342
- Waytz, A., Morewedge, C. K., Epley, N., Monteleone, G., Gao, J. H., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Making sense by making sentient: effectance motivation increases anthropomorphism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(3), 410–435. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020240
- York, R. (2004). Humanity and inhumanity: Toward a Sociology of the Slaughterhouse. Organization & Environment, 17(2), 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026604264878
- Young, K. M. (2017). Masculine Compensation and Masculine Balance: Notes on the Hawaiian Cockfight. Social Forces, 95(4), 1341–1370. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sox022