La carga del hombre blanco o cómo descolonizar la ayuda humanitaria
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Peralta Lavín, A. (2023). La carga del hombre blanco o cómo descolonizar la ayuda humanitaria. Tabula Rasa, (46), 137-162. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n46.07
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Arantza Peralta Lavín
Resumen
En vista de las crecientes críticas que ha enfrentado el sector humanitario internacional sobre el legado colonial que aún perdura y moldea el sistema humanitario, existe una necesidad por proponer un cambio estructural que ponga en el centro de la respuesta a las personas afectadas involucrándolas en el proceso, y respetando sus conocimientos y prácticas. En este artículo se hace una revisión crítica de la acción humanitaria, a partir de la teoría crítica y el pensamiento descolonial, concluyendo que el sector no está respondiendo a las necesidades reales de las personas, causando daño no sólo a las poblaciones afectadas sino también al mismo personal humanitario. La experiencia latinoamericana nos sugiere que es posible —y necesario— trabajar de la mano con la población en una respuesta coordinada y contextualizada donde el personal humanitario sirva como apoyo para fortalecer capacidades y recursos ya existentes.
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Referencias
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Anderson, M. (1999), Do no harm. How Aid Can Support Peace – or War, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Londres
Barnett, M. (2011). Empire of humanity: A history of humanitarianism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Barnett, M. & Weiss, T. (2011). Turbulent Humanitarianism Since 1989: Rhetoric Meets Reality. in Humanitarianism Contested: Where Angels Fear to Tread. New York: Routledge.
Bennet, C., Foley, M. & Patuliano, S. (2016). Time to let go: remaking humanitarian action for the modern era. ODI. https://odi.org/en/publications/time-to-let-go-remaking-humanitarian-action-for-the-modern-era/
Brown, D. & Donini, A. (2014). Rhetoric or Reality? Putting Affected People at the Centre of Humanitarian Action. London: ALNAP. www.alnap.org/resource/12859
Bruce-Raeburn, A. (2021). Opinion: Why diversity, equity, and inclusion alone won't dismantle structural racism in globaldev. Devex.https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-why-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-alone-won-t-dismantle-structural-racism-in-globaldev-98984
Busby, M. (2021). David Miliband charity pushes ‘white supremacy culture’, workers allege. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/19/david-miliband-charity-international-rescue-committee-white-supremacy-allegations?fbclid=IwAR3oyM3NOzM9gNVc3rn92TnepddqU1Hn9o3RBAcuACvHT_E64iNWMcMUgCoh
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Campaña, P. (2020). Oscar Huashpa en el turno de vigilancia a la entrada de Río Verde. [Imagen]. https://www.revistalate.net/dejen-la-comunidad-se-ocupa/
Cesaire, A. (2006). Discurso sobre el colonialismo. Madrid: Akal.
Collinson, S. (2016). Constructive deconstruction: making sense of the international humanitarian system. HPG working paper. London: ODI.
Currion, P. (2015). A Desert Called Reform. IRIN, 3 November. http:// www.irinnews.org/node/255720
Currion, P. (2020). Decolonising aid, again. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2020/07/13/decolonisation-aid-humanitarian-development-racism-black-lives-matter
Da Silva, C. (2018). We must listen and act, not impose. ICRC. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/icrc-presidents-address-community-engagement-and-accountability
Darcy, J. & Hofmann, C. (2003). According to Need? Needs Assessment and Decision-Making in the Humanitarian Sector. London: ODI.
Davey, E., Borton, J. & Foley, M. (2013). A history of the humanitarian system. ODI. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/8439.pdf
Dawson, C. (2002). The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity. Washington: CUA Press.
Devex. (2020). The future of humanitarian action: Decolonizing humanitarian aid. https://www.devex.com/news/the-future-of-humanitarian-action-decolonizing-humanitarian-aid-98077
Devnit, Development Initiatives. (2020). Global Humanitarian Assistance Report 2020. Bristol. http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/06/GHA-Report-2020_-Interactive_Online.pdf
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Domínguez, S. & Campaña, P. (2020). Dejen, la comunidad se ocupa. Revista Late. https://www.revistalate.net/dejen-la-comunidad-se-ocupa/
Donini, A., Fast, L., Hansen, G., Harris, S., Minear, L., Mowjee, T. & Wilder, A. (2008). The State of the Humanitarian Enterprise. Humanitarian Agenda 2015 Final Report. Feinstein International Center, Tufts University. https://www.ennonline.net/humanitarianenterprise2015report
Donini, A. & Maxwell, D. (2014). From face-to-face to face-to-screen: remote management, effectiveness and accountability of humanitarian action in insecure environments. International Review of the Red Cross, 890. https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/face-face-face-screen-remote-management-effectiveness-and-accountability-humanitarian
Dubois, M. (2018). The new humanitarian basics. HPG Working Paper. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12201.pdf
Easterly, W. (2015). La carga del hombre blanco. Barcelona: Debate.
Etxebarria, X. (1999). Ética de la ayuda humanitaria. Series de Ayuda Humanitaria. Bilbao: Deusto.
Elks, S. (2020). Half aid workers report racism at work in past year. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-aid-racism-exclusive-trfn-idUSKBN27F1SE
Ellacuría, I. (2001). Historización del bien común y de los derechos humanos en una sociedad dividida. En Escritos filosóficos. Tomo III. San Salvador: UCA Editores.
Els, C. & Carstensen, N. (2015). The Humanitarian Economy. IRIN. http://newirin.irinnews.org/the-humanitarian-economy
Fanon, F. (2009). Piel negra, máscaras blancas. La Habana: Editorial Caminos.
Fassin, D. (2012) Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. University of California Press.
Frances, H. & Tator, C. (2006). Racial Profiling in Canada: Chellenging the Myth of a Few Bad Apples. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
García, J. (2007). Norma Romero entrega lonches al paso del tren en la comunidad de Estación Guadalupe, La Patrona [Imagen]. https://javiergarcia.portfoliobox.net/lacocinadelaspatronas/image/18
Gómez, O. & Lucatello, S. (2020). Humanitarismo en Latinoamérica: pasado y presente. Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo. https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/Cooperacion/article/view/5083/3737
Jayawickrama, J. (2018). Humanitarian aid system is a continuation of the colonial project. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/2/24/humanitarian-aid-system-is-a-continuation-of-the-colonial-project/
Lorde, A. (2007). Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press.
Lorde, A. (1984). The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House. London: Penguin.
Majumdar, A. (2020). Bearing witness inside MSF.The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/first-person/2020/08/18/MSF-Amsterdam-aid-institutional-racism
OCHA. (2020). OCHA en Mensaje: Principios humanitarios. https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/OOM_HumPrinciple_Spanish.pdf
Palmer, J. & Kingsley, P. (2016). Controlling sleeping sickness amidst conflict and calm: remembering, forgetting, and the politics of humanitarian knowledge in Southern Sudan, 1956-2005. In C. Bennet, M. Foley & H. B. Krebs (Eds.). Learning from the past to shape the future: Lessons from the history of humanitarian action in Africa. Humanitarian Policy Group working paper series. London: Overseas Development Institute. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10952.pdf
Peace Direct. (2021). Time to Decolonise Aid. https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf
Pino, J. (2020). Las Patronas de Veracruz ¿Acto de caridad, de justicia o de humanidad? ATD Cuarto Mundo. https://www.atd-cuartomundo.org/las-patronas-veracruz-acto-caridad-justicia-humanidad
PFF, (2016). Planning for the future: Is the Humanitarian System Fit for Purpose? HPG. https://fic.tufts.edu/wp-content/uploads/pff_report_uk.pdf
Polman, L. (2009). The crisis caravan, what’s wrong with humanitarian aid? New York: Metropolitan Books.
Quinton-Brown, P. (2020). The South, the West, and the meanings of humanitarian intervention in history. Review of International Studies, 46(4). https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-international-studies/article/abs/south-the-west-and-the-meanings-of-humanitarian-intervention-in-history/E6A3C2D6E844D69952F84E69D63EB4A4
Rejali, S. (2020). Race, equity, and neo-colonial legacies: identifying paths forward for principled humanitarian action. Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2020/07/16/race-equity-neo-colonial-legacies-humanitarian/
Sarabia, B. (2016). La carga del hombre blanco. El Cultural. https://elcultural.com/La-carga-del-hombre-blanco
WHO (2020). Con el aumento del hambre y la persistencia de la malnutrición, el logro del hambre cero para 2030 es dudoso, advierte un informe de las Naciones Unidas. https://www.who.int/es/news/item/13-07-2020-as-more-go-hungry-and-malnutrition-persists-achieving-zero-hunger-by-2030-in-doubt-un-report-warns
Slim, H. (2020). People power in humanitarian action. Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2020/02/20/people-power-humanitarian-action/
Soberanes, R. (2020). Las Patronas sobreviven y se reinventan durante la pandemia. Pie de Página. https://piedepagina.mx/las-patronas-sobreviven-y-se-reinventan-durante-la-pandemia/
Sueres, J. (2016). Isa id a contemporary manifestation of colonialism? Medium. https://medium.com/@juliensueres/is-aid-a-contemporary-manifestation-of-colonialism-ec362f4d7fc4
Taithe, B. (1998). The Red Cross Flag in the Franco-Prussion war: Civilians, humanitarias and war in the ‘modern’ age. In R. Cooter, S. Sturdy & M. Harrison (Eds.). Medicine, War and Modernity. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.
The Guardian. (2020). The aid sector must do more to tackle its white supremacy problem. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/15/the-aid-sector-must-do-more-to-tackle-its-white-supremacy-problem
United Nations Secretary-General. (2016). One Humanity: Shared Responsibility: Report of the Secretary-General for the World Humanitarian Summit. United Nations. http://sgreport. worldhumanitariansummit.org/.
Veneklasen, L. & Miller, V. (2002), Un nuevo tejido del poder, los pueblos y la política: guía de acción para la incidencia y la participación ciudadana. World Neighbors, reimpreso por ITDG Publishing.
Aloudat, T. (2021). The damage aid workers can do – with just their words. Opinion. https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/the-damage-aid-workers-can-do-with-just-their-words-1.1190907
Anderson, M. (1999), Do no harm. How Aid Can Support Peace – or War, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Londres
Barnett, M. (2011). Empire of humanity: A history of humanitarianism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Barnett, M. & Weiss, T. (2011). Turbulent Humanitarianism Since 1989: Rhetoric Meets Reality. in Humanitarianism Contested: Where Angels Fear to Tread. New York: Routledge.
Bennet, C., Foley, M. & Patuliano, S. (2016). Time to let go: remaking humanitarian action for the modern era. ODI. https://odi.org/en/publications/time-to-let-go-remaking-humanitarian-action-for-the-modern-era/
Brown, D. & Donini, A. (2014). Rhetoric or Reality? Putting Affected People at the Centre of Humanitarian Action. London: ALNAP. www.alnap.org/resource/12859
Bruce-Raeburn, A. (2021). Opinion: Why diversity, equity, and inclusion alone won't dismantle structural racism in globaldev. Devex.https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-why-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-alone-won-t-dismantle-structural-racism-in-globaldev-98984
Busby, M. (2021). David Miliband charity pushes ‘white supremacy culture’, workers allege. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/19/david-miliband-charity-international-rescue-committee-white-supremacy-allegations?fbclid=IwAR3oyM3NOzM9gNVc3rn92TnepddqU1Hn9o3RBAcuACvHT_E64iNWMcMUgCoh
Carr, S. & McWha-Hermann, I. (2016). Mind the gap in local and international aid workers’ salaries. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/mind-the-gap-in-local-and-international-aid-workers-salaries-47273
Campaña, P. (2020). Oscar Huashpa en el turno de vigilancia a la entrada de Río Verde. [Imagen]. https://www.revistalate.net/dejen-la-comunidad-se-ocupa/
Cesaire, A. (2006). Discurso sobre el colonialismo. Madrid: Akal.
Collinson, S. (2016). Constructive deconstruction: making sense of the international humanitarian system. HPG working paper. London: ODI.
Currion, P. (2015). A Desert Called Reform. IRIN, 3 November. http:// www.irinnews.org/node/255720
Currion, P. (2020). Decolonising aid, again. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2020/07/13/decolonisation-aid-humanitarian-development-racism-black-lives-matter
Da Silva, C. (2018). We must listen and act, not impose. ICRC. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/icrc-presidents-address-community-engagement-and-accountability
Darcy, J. & Hofmann, C. (2003). According to Need? Needs Assessment and Decision-Making in the Humanitarian Sector. London: ODI.
Davey, E., Borton, J. & Foley, M. (2013). A history of the humanitarian system. ODI. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/8439.pdf
Dawson, C. (2002). The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity. Washington: CUA Press.
Devex. (2020). The future of humanitarian action: Decolonizing humanitarian aid. https://www.devex.com/news/the-future-of-humanitarian-action-decolonizing-humanitarian-aid-98077
Devnit, Development Initiatives. (2020). Global Humanitarian Assistance Report 2020. Bristol. http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/06/GHA-Report-2020_-Interactive_Online.pdf
Devnit, Development Initiatives. (2015). Global Humanitarian Assistance Report. Bristol. http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/06/GHA-Report-2015_-Interactive_Online.pdf
De Soto, H. (2000). Por qué el capitalismo triunfa en occidente y fracasa en el resto del mundo. El Cato. https://www.elcato.org/special/friedman/desoto/cap1_misteriodelcapital.html
Domínguez, S. & Campaña, P. (2020). Dejen, la comunidad se ocupa. Revista Late. https://www.revistalate.net/dejen-la-comunidad-se-ocupa/
Donini, A., Fast, L., Hansen, G., Harris, S., Minear, L., Mowjee, T. & Wilder, A. (2008). The State of the Humanitarian Enterprise. Humanitarian Agenda 2015 Final Report. Feinstein International Center, Tufts University. https://www.ennonline.net/humanitarianenterprise2015report
Donini, A. & Maxwell, D. (2014). From face-to-face to face-to-screen: remote management, effectiveness and accountability of humanitarian action in insecure environments. International Review of the Red Cross, 890. https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/face-face-face-screen-remote-management-effectiveness-and-accountability-humanitarian
Dubois, M. (2018). The new humanitarian basics. HPG Working Paper. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12201.pdf
Easterly, W. (2015). La carga del hombre blanco. Barcelona: Debate.
Etxebarria, X. (1999). Ética de la ayuda humanitaria. Series de Ayuda Humanitaria. Bilbao: Deusto.
Elks, S. (2020). Half aid workers report racism at work in past year. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-aid-racism-exclusive-trfn-idUSKBN27F1SE
Ellacuría, I. (2001). Historización del bien común y de los derechos humanos en una sociedad dividida. En Escritos filosóficos. Tomo III. San Salvador: UCA Editores.
Els, C. & Carstensen, N. (2015). The Humanitarian Economy. IRIN. http://newirin.irinnews.org/the-humanitarian-economy
Fanon, F. (2009). Piel negra, máscaras blancas. La Habana: Editorial Caminos.
Fassin, D. (2012) Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. University of California Press.
Frances, H. & Tator, C. (2006). Racial Profiling in Canada: Chellenging the Myth of a Few Bad Apples. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
García, J. (2007). Norma Romero entrega lonches al paso del tren en la comunidad de Estación Guadalupe, La Patrona [Imagen]. https://javiergarcia.portfoliobox.net/lacocinadelaspatronas/image/18
Gómez, O. & Lucatello, S. (2020). Humanitarismo en Latinoamérica: pasado y presente. Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo. https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/Cooperacion/article/view/5083/3737
Jayawickrama, J. (2018). Humanitarian aid system is a continuation of the colonial project. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/2/24/humanitarian-aid-system-is-a-continuation-of-the-colonial-project/
Lorde, A. (2007). Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press.
Lorde, A. (1984). The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House. London: Penguin.
Majumdar, A. (2020). Bearing witness inside MSF.The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/first-person/2020/08/18/MSF-Amsterdam-aid-institutional-racism
OCHA. (2020). OCHA en Mensaje: Principios humanitarios. https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/OOM_HumPrinciple_Spanish.pdf
Palmer, J. & Kingsley, P. (2016). Controlling sleeping sickness amidst conflict and calm: remembering, forgetting, and the politics of humanitarian knowledge in Southern Sudan, 1956-2005. In C. Bennet, M. Foley & H. B. Krebs (Eds.). Learning from the past to shape the future: Lessons from the history of humanitarian action in Africa. Humanitarian Policy Group working paper series. London: Overseas Development Institute. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10952.pdf
Peace Direct. (2021). Time to Decolonise Aid. https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf
Pino, J. (2020). Las Patronas de Veracruz ¿Acto de caridad, de justicia o de humanidad? ATD Cuarto Mundo. https://www.atd-cuartomundo.org/las-patronas-veracruz-acto-caridad-justicia-humanidad
PFF, (2016). Planning for the future: Is the Humanitarian System Fit for Purpose? HPG. https://fic.tufts.edu/wp-content/uploads/pff_report_uk.pdf
Polman, L. (2009). The crisis caravan, what’s wrong with humanitarian aid? New York: Metropolitan Books.
Quinton-Brown, P. (2020). The South, the West, and the meanings of humanitarian intervention in history. Review of International Studies, 46(4). https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-international-studies/article/abs/south-the-west-and-the-meanings-of-humanitarian-intervention-in-history/E6A3C2D6E844D69952F84E69D63EB4A4
Rejali, S. (2020). Race, equity, and neo-colonial legacies: identifying paths forward for principled humanitarian action. Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2020/07/16/race-equity-neo-colonial-legacies-humanitarian/
Sarabia, B. (2016). La carga del hombre blanco. El Cultural. https://elcultural.com/La-carga-del-hombre-blanco
WHO (2020). Con el aumento del hambre y la persistencia de la malnutrición, el logro del hambre cero para 2030 es dudoso, advierte un informe de las Naciones Unidas. https://www.who.int/es/news/item/13-07-2020-as-more-go-hungry-and-malnutrition-persists-achieving-zero-hunger-by-2030-in-doubt-un-report-warns
Slim, H. (2020). People power in humanitarian action. Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2020/02/20/people-power-humanitarian-action/
Soberanes, R. (2020). Las Patronas sobreviven y se reinventan durante la pandemia. Pie de Página. https://piedepagina.mx/las-patronas-sobreviven-y-se-reinventan-durante-la-pandemia/
Sueres, J. (2016). Isa id a contemporary manifestation of colonialism? Medium. https://medium.com/@juliensueres/is-aid-a-contemporary-manifestation-of-colonialism-ec362f4d7fc4
Taithe, B. (1998). The Red Cross Flag in the Franco-Prussion war: Civilians, humanitarias and war in the ‘modern’ age. In R. Cooter, S. Sturdy & M. Harrison (Eds.). Medicine, War and Modernity. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.
The Guardian. (2020). The aid sector must do more to tackle its white supremacy problem. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/15/the-aid-sector-must-do-more-to-tackle-its-white-supremacy-problem
United Nations Secretary-General. (2016). One Humanity: Shared Responsibility: Report of the Secretary-General for the World Humanitarian Summit. United Nations. http://sgreport. worldhumanitariansummit.org/.
Veneklasen, L. & Miller, V. (2002), Un nuevo tejido del poder, los pueblos y la política: guía de acción para la incidencia y la participación ciudadana. World Neighbors, reimpreso por ITDG Publishing.
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