Bailando recién nacidos, sometiendo enemigos, formando guerreros: el baile del niño como fuente de fuerza, vitalidad, y resistencia entre los yukpa
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Halbmayer, E. (2020). Bailando recién nacidos, sometiendo enemigos, formando guerreros: el baile del niño como fuente de fuerza, vitalidad, y resistencia entre los yukpa. Tabula Rasa, (36), 293-320. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n36.12
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Ernst Halbmayer
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7132-5158
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7132-5158
Resumen
El baile de los niños yukpa, el primer ritual para los recién nacidos, tiene como fin formar personas fuertes, intrépidas y valientes, capaces de resistir los ataques de los enemigos. Este artículo analiza este ritual en términos de sus diferentes fases y las formas predatorias específicas que sustentan su lógica. Se argumenta que el ritual expresa una forma de depredación diferente a las nociones amazónicas. En lugar de centrarse en la exopráctica de incorporar al Otro, promulga una formación endopráctica de vitalidad, fuerza y resistencia expresada en términos vegetales, de fermentación vigorizante del tami, la masa del maíz molido, y la superación de las restricciones y la vulnerabilidad asociadas con las restricciones de la covada. Al mismo tiempo, los enemigos simbólicos son eliminados ritualmente y la violencia es mimetizada y representada entre los participantes del ritual. Esto no solo produce personas fuertes e intrépidas y acaba con la reclusión parental, sino que crea las condiciones para atacar a los enemigos.
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Referencias
Bolinder, G. (1958). We dared the Andes. Three journeys into the unknown. London, New York: Abelard-Schuman.
Butt-Colson, A. J. (1975). Birth customs of the Akawaio. En: J. Beattie & R.G. Lienhardt (Eds.). Studies in social anthropology in memory of E.E. Evans-Pritchard by his former Oxford colleagues, (pp.285–309). Oxford: Claredon Press.
Daly, L. (2015). The symbiosis of people and plants: Ecological engagements among the Makushi Amerindians of Amazonian Guyana. (doctoral thesis). Oxford University, Oxford.
Daly, L. (2019). The nature of sweetness: An indigenous fermentation complex in Amazonian Guyana. En K. Hockings y R. Dumbar (Eds.): Alcohol and humans: A long and social affair (pp.130–146). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Booy, T. (1918). The people of the mist: an account of explorations in Venezuela. The Museum Journal, 9(3-4), 183-223. https://www.penn.museum/sites/journal/659/
De Wavrin, M. (1953). Chez les indiens de Colombie. Paris: Plon.
Fausto, C. (1999). Of enemies and pets: Warfare and shamanism in Amazonia. American Ethnologist, 26(4), 933–956. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1999.26.4.933
Fausto, C. (2007). Feasting on people: Eating animals and humans in Amazonia. Current Anthropology, 48 (4), 497–530. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/518298
Fausto, C. (2012). Warfare and shamanism in Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Latin American studies, 96).
Fock, N. (1960). South American birth customs in theory and practice. Folk, 1, 51–69.
Goletz, A. (2020). Tuwancha, “the one who knows”. Specialists and specialized knowledge in transhuman communication among the Sokorpa Yukpa of the Serranía del Perijá, Colombia. En E. Halbmayer (ed.): Amerindian socio-cosmologies between the Andes, Amazonia and Mesoamerica, (pp.205–233). London: Routledge.
Halbmayer, E. (2001). Socio-cosmological contexts and forms of violence: War, vendetta, duels and suicide among the Yukpa of North-Western Venezuela. En B. Schmidt & I. Schröder (Eds.). The anthropology of violence and conflict, (pp.49–75). London: Routledge.
Halbmayer, E. (2010). Kosmos und Kommunikation. Weltkonzeptionen in der südamerikanischen Sprachfamilie der Cariben. Vienna: Facultas Verlag.
Halbmayer, E. (2013a). Poder, sociabilidad y monstruosidad. Una mirada comparativa de rituales de hormigas y avispas entre los indígenas «caribes». Colección Estudios del Hombre, 30, 95–131.
Halbmayer, E. (2013b). Securing a life for the dead among the Yukpa: The exhumation ritual as a temporary synchronisation of worlds. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 99(1), 105–140. https://doi.org/10.4000/jsa.12620
Halbmayer, E. (2017). Die “Natur” des Jahres und der Himmel der Yukpa. Mythos, Konflikt und die Wissenschaft vom Konkreten. En I. Därmann y S. Zandt (Eds.), Andere Ökologien. Transformationen, (pp.49–76). Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink.
Halbmayer, E. (2019). Amerindian sociocosmologies of Northwestern South America: Some reflections on the dead, metamorphosis, and religious specialists. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 24(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12381
Halbmayer, E. (Ed.) (2020a). Amerindian socio-cosmologies between the Andes, Amazonia and Mesoamerica: Toward an anthropological understanding of the isthmo-Colombian area. London: Routledge.
Halbmayer, E. (2020b). Introduction: Toward an anthropological understanding of the area between the Andes, Mesoamerica, and the Amazon. En: E. Halbmayer (Ed.). Amerindian socio-cosmologies between the Andes, Amazonia and Mesoamerica, (pp.3–33). London: Routledge.
Henkel, T. W. (2005). Parakari, an indigenous fermented beverage using amylolytic rhizopus in Guyana. Mycologia, 97(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832833
Lopez, F. R. (2017). Case study for the development of a visual grammar: Mayahuel and Maguey as Teotl in the directional tree pages of the Codex Borgia. rEvista: A Multi-media, Multi-genre e-Journal for Social Justice, 5(2), 41-69. https://escholarship.org/content/qt4gm205sx/qt4gm205sx.pdf
Menget, P. (1982). Time of birth, time of being: The couvade. En M. Izard (Ed.), Between belief and transgression (pp.193–209). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Métraux, A. & Kirchhoff, P. (1948). The Northeastern extension of Andean Culture. En J. H. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 4: The Circum-Caribbean Tribes, (pp.349–368). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Niño Vargas, J. C. (2020). An Amerindian humanism: Order and transformation in Chibchan universes. En E. Halbmayer (Ed.), Amerindian socio-cosmologies between the Andes, Amazonia. and Mesoamerica, (pp.37–60). London: Routledge.
Olivier, G. (2014/15). “Why Give Birth to Enemies?” The Warrior Aspects of the Aztec Goddess Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, 65(1), 54–71. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/691026
Perrin, M. (2003). Guerras internas. El caso wayuu. Antropológica, 99-100, 143–151.
Quiñones-Keber, E. (1989). Mayahuel and Maguey. Sustenance and Sacrifice in Aztec Myth. Latin American Indian Literatures Journal, 5(2), 72-83.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. (1945). Los indios motilones. Revista del Instituto Etnológico Nacional, 2(1), 15–115.
Rival, L. (1998). Androgynous Parents and Guest Children: The Huarani Couvade. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 4 (4), 619–642. https://doi.org/10.2307/3034825
Rivière, P. (1974). The Couvade: a Problem Reborn. Man, 9, 423–435. https://doi.org/10.2307/2800693
Ruddle, K. (1973). The Human Use of Insects: Examples from the Yukpa. Biotropica, 5(2), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.2307/2989658
Ruddle, K. (1974). The Yukpa Cultivation System: A Study of Shifting Cultivation in Colombia and Venezuela. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.
Santelos, P. de (1959). Etnología Yukpa: economía doméstica III. Venezuela Misionera, 21(249), 302–304.
Taussig, M. (1993). Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses. New York, London: Routledge.
Velásquez Runk, J.; Peña Ismare, Ch. & Peña Conquista, T. (2019). Animal Transference and Transformation Among Wounaan. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 24(1), pp.32–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12389
Vilaça, A. (2002). Making Kin Out of Others in Amazonia. Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute, 8(2), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00007
Viveiros de Castro, E. B. (1992). From the Enemy ́s Point of View. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Viveiros de Castro, E. B. (2014). Cannibal Metaphysics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Wilbert, J. (1974). Yukpa Folktales. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Butt-Colson, A. J. (1975). Birth customs of the Akawaio. En: J. Beattie & R.G. Lienhardt (Eds.). Studies in social anthropology in memory of E.E. Evans-Pritchard by his former Oxford colleagues, (pp.285–309). Oxford: Claredon Press.
Daly, L. (2015). The symbiosis of people and plants: Ecological engagements among the Makushi Amerindians of Amazonian Guyana. (doctoral thesis). Oxford University, Oxford.
Daly, L. (2019). The nature of sweetness: An indigenous fermentation complex in Amazonian Guyana. En K. Hockings y R. Dumbar (Eds.): Alcohol and humans: A long and social affair (pp.130–146). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Booy, T. (1918). The people of the mist: an account of explorations in Venezuela. The Museum Journal, 9(3-4), 183-223. https://www.penn.museum/sites/journal/659/
De Wavrin, M. (1953). Chez les indiens de Colombie. Paris: Plon.
Fausto, C. (1999). Of enemies and pets: Warfare and shamanism in Amazonia. American Ethnologist, 26(4), 933–956. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1999.26.4.933
Fausto, C. (2007). Feasting on people: Eating animals and humans in Amazonia. Current Anthropology, 48 (4), 497–530. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/518298
Fausto, C. (2012). Warfare and shamanism in Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Latin American studies, 96).
Fock, N. (1960). South American birth customs in theory and practice. Folk, 1, 51–69.
Goletz, A. (2020). Tuwancha, “the one who knows”. Specialists and specialized knowledge in transhuman communication among the Sokorpa Yukpa of the Serranía del Perijá, Colombia. En E. Halbmayer (ed.): Amerindian socio-cosmologies between the Andes, Amazonia and Mesoamerica, (pp.205–233). London: Routledge.
Halbmayer, E. (2001). Socio-cosmological contexts and forms of violence: War, vendetta, duels and suicide among the Yukpa of North-Western Venezuela. En B. Schmidt & I. Schröder (Eds.). The anthropology of violence and conflict, (pp.49–75). London: Routledge.
Halbmayer, E. (2010). Kosmos und Kommunikation. Weltkonzeptionen in der südamerikanischen Sprachfamilie der Cariben. Vienna: Facultas Verlag.
Halbmayer, E. (2013a). Poder, sociabilidad y monstruosidad. Una mirada comparativa de rituales de hormigas y avispas entre los indígenas «caribes». Colección Estudios del Hombre, 30, 95–131.
Halbmayer, E. (2013b). Securing a life for the dead among the Yukpa: The exhumation ritual as a temporary synchronisation of worlds. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 99(1), 105–140. https://doi.org/10.4000/jsa.12620
Halbmayer, E. (2017). Die “Natur” des Jahres und der Himmel der Yukpa. Mythos, Konflikt und die Wissenschaft vom Konkreten. En I. Därmann y S. Zandt (Eds.), Andere Ökologien. Transformationen, (pp.49–76). Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink.
Halbmayer, E. (2019). Amerindian sociocosmologies of Northwestern South America: Some reflections on the dead, metamorphosis, and religious specialists. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 24(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12381
Halbmayer, E. (Ed.) (2020a). Amerindian socio-cosmologies between the Andes, Amazonia and Mesoamerica: Toward an anthropological understanding of the isthmo-Colombian area. London: Routledge.
Halbmayer, E. (2020b). Introduction: Toward an anthropological understanding of the area between the Andes, Mesoamerica, and the Amazon. En: E. Halbmayer (Ed.). Amerindian socio-cosmologies between the Andes, Amazonia and Mesoamerica, (pp.3–33). London: Routledge.
Henkel, T. W. (2005). Parakari, an indigenous fermented beverage using amylolytic rhizopus in Guyana. Mycologia, 97(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832833
Lopez, F. R. (2017). Case study for the development of a visual grammar: Mayahuel and Maguey as Teotl in the directional tree pages of the Codex Borgia. rEvista: A Multi-media, Multi-genre e-Journal for Social Justice, 5(2), 41-69. https://escholarship.org/content/qt4gm205sx/qt4gm205sx.pdf
Menget, P. (1982). Time of birth, time of being: The couvade. En M. Izard (Ed.), Between belief and transgression (pp.193–209). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Métraux, A. & Kirchhoff, P. (1948). The Northeastern extension of Andean Culture. En J. H. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 4: The Circum-Caribbean Tribes, (pp.349–368). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Niño Vargas, J. C. (2020). An Amerindian humanism: Order and transformation in Chibchan universes. En E. Halbmayer (Ed.), Amerindian socio-cosmologies between the Andes, Amazonia. and Mesoamerica, (pp.37–60). London: Routledge.
Olivier, G. (2014/15). “Why Give Birth to Enemies?” The Warrior Aspects of the Aztec Goddess Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, 65(1), 54–71. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/691026
Perrin, M. (2003). Guerras internas. El caso wayuu. Antropológica, 99-100, 143–151.
Quiñones-Keber, E. (1989). Mayahuel and Maguey. Sustenance and Sacrifice in Aztec Myth. Latin American Indian Literatures Journal, 5(2), 72-83.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. (1945). Los indios motilones. Revista del Instituto Etnológico Nacional, 2(1), 15–115.
Rival, L. (1998). Androgynous Parents and Guest Children: The Huarani Couvade. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 4 (4), 619–642. https://doi.org/10.2307/3034825
Rivière, P. (1974). The Couvade: a Problem Reborn. Man, 9, 423–435. https://doi.org/10.2307/2800693
Ruddle, K. (1973). The Human Use of Insects: Examples from the Yukpa. Biotropica, 5(2), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.2307/2989658
Ruddle, K. (1974). The Yukpa Cultivation System: A Study of Shifting Cultivation in Colombia and Venezuela. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.
Santelos, P. de (1959). Etnología Yukpa: economía doméstica III. Venezuela Misionera, 21(249), 302–304.
Taussig, M. (1993). Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses. New York, London: Routledge.
Velásquez Runk, J.; Peña Ismare, Ch. & Peña Conquista, T. (2019). Animal Transference and Transformation Among Wounaan. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 24(1), pp.32–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12389
Vilaça, A. (2002). Making Kin Out of Others in Amazonia. Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute, 8(2), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00007
Viveiros de Castro, E. B. (1992). From the Enemy ́s Point of View. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Viveiros de Castro, E. B. (2014). Cannibal Metaphysics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Wilbert, J. (1974). Yukpa Folktales. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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