Estudios afrodescendientes en Latinoamérica : racismo y mestizaje.
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Wade, P. (2020). Estudios afrodescendientes en Latinoamérica : racismo y mestizaje. Tabula Rasa, (27), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.443
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Peter Wade
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En esta mirada selectiva de los estudios afrodescendientes en Latinoamérica, comienzo con los temas de designación y clasificación racial, antes de explorar aspectos de discriminación racial y racismo, y la manera como estos son abordados por los gobiernos y los movimientos sociales negros. Esto trae la pregunta sobre la blancura y el privilegio. Luego analizo el estatus de las ideologías y las prácticas de mestizaje, luego de 30 años de movilización política negra.
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Alberto, P., & Elena, E. (Ed.). (2016). Rethinking race in modern Argentina. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, M. (2002). ¿Existe el racismo en Honduras? Discursos garífunas sobre raza y racismo. Mesoamérica, 22(42), 135-163.
Anderson, M., & England, S. (2004). ¿Auténtica cultura africana en Honduras? Los afro-centroamericanos desafian el mestizaje indo-hispánico hondureño. En C. R. Hale, J. L. Gould and D. Euraque (Ed.). Memorias del mestizaje. Antigua, Guatemala: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica.
Andrews, G. R. (2004). Afro-Latin America, 1800-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Andrews, G. R. (2016). Afro-Latin America: black lives, 1600-2000. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Arboleda Llorente, J. R. (1952). Nuevas investigaciones afrocolombianas. Revista Javeriana, 34 (183), 197-206.
Baud, M. (2002). Race and nation in the Dominican Republic. New West Indian Guide, 76 (3-4), 104-113.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1999). On the cunning of imperialist reason. Theory, Culture and Society, 16 (1), 41-58.
Burdick, J. (1998). Blessed Anastácia: women, race, and popular Christianity in Brazil. London: Routledge.
Burdick, J. (2013). The color of sound: race, religion, and music in Brazil. New York: NYU Press.
Cárdenas, R. (2012). Multicultural politics for Afro-Colombians: an articulation “without guarantees”. En J. M. Rahier (Ed.). Black social movements in Latin America: from monocultural mestizaje to multiculturalism (pp. 113-134). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cruces, G., García Domench, C., & Pinto, F. (2012). Visibilidad estadística. Datos sobre población afrodescendiente en censos y encuestas de hogares de América Latina. Panama City: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
Da Costa, A. E. (2016a). Confounding anti-racism: mixture, racial democracy, and post-racial politics in Brazil. Critical Sociology, 42 (4-5), 495-513. doi: 10.1177/0896920513508663.
Da Costa, A. E. (2016b). ftinking ‘post-racial’ ideology transnationally: the contemporary politics of race and indigeneity in the Americas. Critical Sociology, 42 (4-5), 475-490. doi: 10.1177/0896920515591175.
De la Cadena, M. (2000). Indigenous mestizos: the politics of race and culture in Cuzco, 1919-1991. Durham: Duke University Press.
De la Fuente, A. (2001). A nation for all: race, inequality, and politics in twentieth century Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
De la Fuente, A. & Andrews, G. R. (Ed.). (2018). Cambridge Companion to Afro-Latin American Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
England, S. (1999). Negotiating race and place in the Garifuna diaspora: identity formation and transnational grassroots politics in New York City and Honduras. Identities, 6 (1), 5-54.
Escobar, A. (2004). Desplazamiento, desarrollo y modernidad en el Pacífico colombiano. En E. Restrepo & A. Rojas (Ed.). Conflicto e (in)visibilidad: retos en los estudios de la gente negra en Colombia (pp. 55-72). Popayán: Editorial Universidad del Cauca.
Ferreira Furtado, J. (2012). From Brazil’s central highlands to Africa’s ports: trans-Atlantic and continental trade connections in goods and slaves. Colonial Latin American Review, 21 (1), 127-160. doi: 10.1080/10609164.2012.661978.
Foote, N. (2004). Rethinking race, gender and citizenship: black West Indian women in Costa Rica, c.1920-1940. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 23 (2), 198-212.
French, J. H. (2009). Legalizing identities: becoming black or Indian in Brazil’s northeast. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Goett, J. (2017). Black autonomy: race, gender, and Afro-Nicaraguan activism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Gordon, E. T. (1998). Disparate diasporas: identity and politics in an African-Nicaraguan community. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Guimarães, A. S. (2017). Recriando fronteiras raciais. Sinais Sociais, in press.
Hale, C. R. (2005). Neoliberal multiculturalism: the remaking of cultural rights and racial dominance in Central America. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 28 (1), 10-28.
Hall, S. (1980). Race, articulation and societies structured in dominance. En Unesco (Ed.). Sociological theories: race and colonialism. Paris: Unesco.
Hanchard, M. (2003). Acts of misrecognition: transnational black politics, anti- imperialism and the ethnocentrisms of Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant. Theory, Culture and Society, 20 (4), 5-29.
Harris, M. (1974). Patterns of race in the Americas. 2nd ed. New York: Norton Library.
Hernández, T. K. (2013). Racial subordination in Latin America: the role of the state, customary law, and the new civil rights response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hordge-Freeman, E. (2015). The color of love: racial features, stigma, and socialization in black Brazilian families. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Htun, M. (2004). From “racial democracy” to affirmative action: changing state policy on race in Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 39 (1), 60-89.
Klor de Alva, J. J. (1995). fte postcolonization of the (Latin) American experience: a reconsideration of “colonialism,” “postcolonialism” and “mestizajes”. En G. Prakash (Ed.). After colonialism, imperial histories and postcolonial displacements (pp. 241-75). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kolchin, P. (2002). Whiteness studies: the new history of race in America. Journal of American History, 89 (1), 154-173.
Lamont, M., Moraes Silva, G., Welburn, J., et al. (2016). Getting respect: responding to stigma and discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Leal, C. & Langebaek, C. (2010). Historias de raza y nación en América Latina. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes.
Lovell, P. A. (1994). Race, gender and development in Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 29 (3), 7-35.
Lovell, P. A. (2006). Race, gender, and work in São Paulo, Brazil, 1960-2000. Latin American Research Review, 41 (3), 63-87.
Loveman, M. (2014). National colors: racial classification and the state in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Maio, M. C. (2001). Unesco and the study of race relations in Brazil: regional or national issue? Latin American Research Review, 36 (2), 118-136. doi: 10.2307/2692090.
Maio, M. C. & Santos, R. V. (2005). Política de cotas raciais, os “olhos da sociedade” e os usos da antropologia: o caso do vestibular da Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Horizontes Antropológicos, 11 (23), 181-214.
Mallon, F. E. (1996). Constructing mestizaje in Latin America: authenticity, marginality and gender in the claiming of ethnic identities. Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 2 (1), 170-181.
Matibag, E. (2003). Haitian-Dominican counterpoint: nation, race and state on Hispaniola. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Matory, J. L. (2005). Black Atlantic religion: tradition, transnationalism, and matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Maya Restrepo, A. (2005). Brujería y reconstrucción de identidades entre los africanos y sus descendientes en la Nueva Granada, siglo XVII. Bogotá: Ministerio de Cultura.
Meertens, D. (2009). Discriminación racial, desplazamiento y género en las sentencias de la Corte Constitucional. El racismo cotidiano en el banquillo. Universitas Humanística, 66, 83-106.
Moreno Figueroa, M. (2008). Historically-rooted transnationalism: slightedness and the experience of racism in Mexican families. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29 (3), 283-297.
Moreno Figueroa, M. (2010). Distributed intensities: whiteness, mestizaje and the logics of Mexican racism. Ethnicities, 10 (3), 387-401. doi: 10.1177/1468796810372305.
Moreno Figueroa, M. (2012). “Linda morenita”: skin colour, beauty and the politics of mestizaje in Mexico. En C. Horrocks (Ed.). Cultures of colour: visual, material, textual (pp. 167-180). Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Mosquera Rosero-Labbé, C. & Barcelos, L. C. (Ed.). (2007). Afro-reparaciones: memorias de la esclavitud y justicia reparativa para negros, afrocolombianos y raizales. Bogotá Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Nayak, A. (2007). Critical whiteness studies. Sociology Compass, 1 (2), 737-755.
Oslender, U. (2004). Geografías de terror y desplazamiento forzado en el Pacífico colombiano: conceptualizando el problema y buscando respuestas. En E. Restrepo and A. Rojas (Ed.). Conflicto e (in)visibilidad: retos en los estudios de la gente negra en Colombia (pp. 35-52). Popayán: Editorial Universidad del Cauca.
Palmié, S. (Ed.). (2008). Africas of the Americas: beyond the search for origins in the study of Afro-Atlantic religions. Leiden: Brill.
Pérez Sarduy, P. (1998). Que tienen los negros en Cuba? América Negra, 15, 217-228.
Perry, M. D. (2015). Negro soy yo: hip hop and raced citizenship in neoliberal Cuba. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Rahier, J. M. (2014). Blackness in the Andes: ethnographic vignettes of cultural politics in the time of multiculturalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rappaport, J. (2014). The disappearing mestizo: configuring difference in the colonial New Kingdom of Granada. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Restrepo, E. (2013). Etnización de la negridad: la invención de las «comunidades negras» como grupo étnico en Colombia. Popayán: Universidad del Cauca.
Restrepo, E. & Rojas, A. (2010). Inflexión decolonial: fuentes, conceptos y cuestionamientos. Popayán: Editorial Universidad del Cauca.
Roediger, D. R. (2006). Working toward whiteness: how America’s immigrants became white. New York: Basic Books.
Sanchez, M. & Bryan, M. (2003). Afro-descendants, discrimination and economic exclusion in Latin America. London: Minority Rights Group.
Sansone, L. (2003). Blackness without ethnicity: constructing race in Brazil. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Santos Roland, E. M. (2002). Prevention of discrimination: report of the regional seminar on Afro-descendants in the Americas (La Ceiba, Honduras, 21 24 March 2002). No place of publication: Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council, United Nations.
Sawyer, M. Q. (2006). Racial politics in post-revolutionary Cuba. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Schwartzman, L. F. & da Silva, G. M. D. (2012). Unexpected narratives from multicultural policies: translations of affirmative action in Brazil. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 7 (1), 31-48. doi: 10.1080/17442222.2012.658295.
Seigel, M. (2005). Beyond compare: comparative method after the transnational turn. Radical History Review, (91), 62-90. doi: 10.1215/01636545-2005-91-62.
Seigel, M. (2009). Uneven encounters: making race and nation in Brazil and the United States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Sharman, R. L. (2001). fte Caribbean carretera: race, space and social liminality in Costa Rica. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 20 (1), 46-62.
Sheriff, R. E. (2001). Dreaming equality: color, race, and racism in urban Brazil. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Silva, N. d. V. (1985). Updating the cost of not being white in Brazil. En P.-M. Fontaine (Ed.). Race, class and power in Brazil. Los Angeles: Centre of Afro-American Studies, University of California.
Stolcke, V. (1992). Racismo y sexualidad en la Cuba colonial. Translated by A. Sánchez Torres. Madrid: Alianza Editorial
Stoler, A. L. (2001). Tense and tender ties: the politics of comparison in North American history and (post) colonial studies. Journal of American History, 88 (3), 829-865.
Streicker, J. (1995). Policing boundaries: race, class, and gender in Cartagena, Colombia. American Ethnologist, 22 (1), 54-74.
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Anderson, M. (2002). ¿Existe el racismo en Honduras? Discursos garífunas sobre raza y racismo. Mesoamérica, 22(42), 135-163.
Anderson, M., & England, S. (2004). ¿Auténtica cultura africana en Honduras? Los afro-centroamericanos desafian el mestizaje indo-hispánico hondureño. En C. R. Hale, J. L. Gould and D. Euraque (Ed.). Memorias del mestizaje. Antigua, Guatemala: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica.
Andrews, G. R. (2004). Afro-Latin America, 1800-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Andrews, G. R. (2016). Afro-Latin America: black lives, 1600-2000. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Arboleda Llorente, J. R. (1952). Nuevas investigaciones afrocolombianas. Revista Javeriana, 34 (183), 197-206.
Baud, M. (2002). Race and nation in the Dominican Republic. New West Indian Guide, 76 (3-4), 104-113.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1999). On the cunning of imperialist reason. Theory, Culture and Society, 16 (1), 41-58.
Burdick, J. (1998). Blessed Anastácia: women, race, and popular Christianity in Brazil. London: Routledge.
Burdick, J. (2013). The color of sound: race, religion, and music in Brazil. New York: NYU Press.
Cárdenas, R. (2012). Multicultural politics for Afro-Colombians: an articulation “without guarantees”. En J. M. Rahier (Ed.). Black social movements in Latin America: from monocultural mestizaje to multiculturalism (pp. 113-134). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cruces, G., García Domench, C., & Pinto, F. (2012). Visibilidad estadística. Datos sobre población afrodescendiente en censos y encuestas de hogares de América Latina. Panama City: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
Da Costa, A. E. (2016a). Confounding anti-racism: mixture, racial democracy, and post-racial politics in Brazil. Critical Sociology, 42 (4-5), 495-513. doi: 10.1177/0896920513508663.
Da Costa, A. E. (2016b). ftinking ‘post-racial’ ideology transnationally: the contemporary politics of race and indigeneity in the Americas. Critical Sociology, 42 (4-5), 475-490. doi: 10.1177/0896920515591175.
De la Cadena, M. (2000). Indigenous mestizos: the politics of race and culture in Cuzco, 1919-1991. Durham: Duke University Press.
De la Fuente, A. (2001). A nation for all: race, inequality, and politics in twentieth century Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
De la Fuente, A. & Andrews, G. R. (Ed.). (2018). Cambridge Companion to Afro-Latin American Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
England, S. (1999). Negotiating race and place in the Garifuna diaspora: identity formation and transnational grassroots politics in New York City and Honduras. Identities, 6 (1), 5-54.
Escobar, A. (2004). Desplazamiento, desarrollo y modernidad en el Pacífico colombiano. En E. Restrepo & A. Rojas (Ed.). Conflicto e (in)visibilidad: retos en los estudios de la gente negra en Colombia (pp. 55-72). Popayán: Editorial Universidad del Cauca.
Ferreira Furtado, J. (2012). From Brazil’s central highlands to Africa’s ports: trans-Atlantic and continental trade connections in goods and slaves. Colonial Latin American Review, 21 (1), 127-160. doi: 10.1080/10609164.2012.661978.
Foote, N. (2004). Rethinking race, gender and citizenship: black West Indian women in Costa Rica, c.1920-1940. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 23 (2), 198-212.
French, J. H. (2009). Legalizing identities: becoming black or Indian in Brazil’s northeast. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Goett, J. (2017). Black autonomy: race, gender, and Afro-Nicaraguan activism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Gordon, E. T. (1998). Disparate diasporas: identity and politics in an African-Nicaraguan community. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Guimarães, A. S. (2017). Recriando fronteiras raciais. Sinais Sociais, in press.
Hale, C. R. (2005). Neoliberal multiculturalism: the remaking of cultural rights and racial dominance in Central America. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 28 (1), 10-28.
Hall, S. (1980). Race, articulation and societies structured in dominance. En Unesco (Ed.). Sociological theories: race and colonialism. Paris: Unesco.
Hanchard, M. (2003). Acts of misrecognition: transnational black politics, anti- imperialism and the ethnocentrisms of Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant. Theory, Culture and Society, 20 (4), 5-29.
Harris, M. (1974). Patterns of race in the Americas. 2nd ed. New York: Norton Library.
Hernández, T. K. (2013). Racial subordination in Latin America: the role of the state, customary law, and the new civil rights response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hordge-Freeman, E. (2015). The color of love: racial features, stigma, and socialization in black Brazilian families. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Htun, M. (2004). From “racial democracy” to affirmative action: changing state policy on race in Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 39 (1), 60-89.
Klor de Alva, J. J. (1995). fte postcolonization of the (Latin) American experience: a reconsideration of “colonialism,” “postcolonialism” and “mestizajes”. En G. Prakash (Ed.). After colonialism, imperial histories and postcolonial displacements (pp. 241-75). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kolchin, P. (2002). Whiteness studies: the new history of race in America. Journal of American History, 89 (1), 154-173.
Lamont, M., Moraes Silva, G., Welburn, J., et al. (2016). Getting respect: responding to stigma and discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Leal, C. & Langebaek, C. (2010). Historias de raza y nación en América Latina. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes.
Lovell, P. A. (1994). Race, gender and development in Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 29 (3), 7-35.
Lovell, P. A. (2006). Race, gender, and work in São Paulo, Brazil, 1960-2000. Latin American Research Review, 41 (3), 63-87.
Loveman, M. (2014). National colors: racial classification and the state in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Maio, M. C. (2001). Unesco and the study of race relations in Brazil: regional or national issue? Latin American Research Review, 36 (2), 118-136. doi: 10.2307/2692090.
Maio, M. C. & Santos, R. V. (2005). Política de cotas raciais, os “olhos da sociedade” e os usos da antropologia: o caso do vestibular da Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Horizontes Antropológicos, 11 (23), 181-214.
Mallon, F. E. (1996). Constructing mestizaje in Latin America: authenticity, marginality and gender in the claiming of ethnic identities. Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 2 (1), 170-181.
Matibag, E. (2003). Haitian-Dominican counterpoint: nation, race and state on Hispaniola. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Matory, J. L. (2005). Black Atlantic religion: tradition, transnationalism, and matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Maya Restrepo, A. (2005). Brujería y reconstrucción de identidades entre los africanos y sus descendientes en la Nueva Granada, siglo XVII. Bogotá: Ministerio de Cultura.
Meertens, D. (2009). Discriminación racial, desplazamiento y género en las sentencias de la Corte Constitucional. El racismo cotidiano en el banquillo. Universitas Humanística, 66, 83-106.
Moreno Figueroa, M. (2008). Historically-rooted transnationalism: slightedness and the experience of racism in Mexican families. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29 (3), 283-297.
Moreno Figueroa, M. (2010). Distributed intensities: whiteness, mestizaje and the logics of Mexican racism. Ethnicities, 10 (3), 387-401. doi: 10.1177/1468796810372305.
Moreno Figueroa, M. (2012). “Linda morenita”: skin colour, beauty and the politics of mestizaje in Mexico. En C. Horrocks (Ed.). Cultures of colour: visual, material, textual (pp. 167-180). Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Mosquera Rosero-Labbé, C. & Barcelos, L. C. (Ed.). (2007). Afro-reparaciones: memorias de la esclavitud y justicia reparativa para negros, afrocolombianos y raizales. Bogotá Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Nayak, A. (2007). Critical whiteness studies. Sociology Compass, 1 (2), 737-755.
Oslender, U. (2004). Geografías de terror y desplazamiento forzado en el Pacífico colombiano: conceptualizando el problema y buscando respuestas. En E. Restrepo and A. Rojas (Ed.). Conflicto e (in)visibilidad: retos en los estudios de la gente negra en Colombia (pp. 35-52). Popayán: Editorial Universidad del Cauca.
Palmié, S. (Ed.). (2008). Africas of the Americas: beyond the search for origins in the study of Afro-Atlantic religions. Leiden: Brill.
Pérez Sarduy, P. (1998). Que tienen los negros en Cuba? América Negra, 15, 217-228.
Perry, M. D. (2015). Negro soy yo: hip hop and raced citizenship in neoliberal Cuba. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Rahier, J. M. (2014). Blackness in the Andes: ethnographic vignettes of cultural politics in the time of multiculturalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rappaport, J. (2014). The disappearing mestizo: configuring difference in the colonial New Kingdom of Granada. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Restrepo, E. (2013). Etnización de la negridad: la invención de las «comunidades negras» como grupo étnico en Colombia. Popayán: Universidad del Cauca.
Restrepo, E. & Rojas, A. (2010). Inflexión decolonial: fuentes, conceptos y cuestionamientos. Popayán: Editorial Universidad del Cauca.
Roediger, D. R. (2006). Working toward whiteness: how America’s immigrants became white. New York: Basic Books.
Sanchez, M. & Bryan, M. (2003). Afro-descendants, discrimination and economic exclusion in Latin America. London: Minority Rights Group.
Sansone, L. (2003). Blackness without ethnicity: constructing race in Brazil. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Santos Roland, E. M. (2002). Prevention of discrimination: report of the regional seminar on Afro-descendants in the Americas (La Ceiba, Honduras, 21 24 March 2002). No place of publication: Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council, United Nations.
Sawyer, M. Q. (2006). Racial politics in post-revolutionary Cuba. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Schwartzman, L. F. & da Silva, G. M. D. (2012). Unexpected narratives from multicultural policies: translations of affirmative action in Brazil. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 7 (1), 31-48. doi: 10.1080/17442222.2012.658295.
Seigel, M. (2005). Beyond compare: comparative method after the transnational turn. Radical History Review, (91), 62-90. doi: 10.1215/01636545-2005-91-62.
Seigel, M. (2009). Uneven encounters: making race and nation in Brazil and the United States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Sharman, R. L. (2001). fte Caribbean carretera: race, space and social liminality in Costa Rica. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 20 (1), 46-62.
Sheriff, R. E. (2001). Dreaming equality: color, race, and racism in urban Brazil. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Silva, N. d. V. (1985). Updating the cost of not being white in Brazil. En P.-M. Fontaine (Ed.). Race, class and power in Brazil. Los Angeles: Centre of Afro-American Studies, University of California.
Stolcke, V. (1992). Racismo y sexualidad en la Cuba colonial. Translated by A. Sánchez Torres. Madrid: Alianza Editorial
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