Capitalismo racial : el carácter no objetivo del desarrollo capitalista.
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Robinson, C. J. (2018). Capitalismo racial : el carácter no objetivo del desarrollo capitalista. Tabula Rasa, (28), 23-56. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n28.2
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Cedric J Robinson
Resumen
«La civilización europea no es producto del capitalismo. Por el contrario, el carácter del capitalismo puede entenderse únicamente en el contexto social e histórico de su aparición». Esta es una de las tesis revolucionarias presentes en el histórico libro Black Marxism. The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Cedric J. Robinson desarrolla en este extracto fundamental de este escrito una crítica a las interpretaciones convencionales, que desde el poso común de la metafísica occidental en el que se construye el marxismo, son desplegadas para explicar la emergencia de la burguesía. Parte de las claves de una nueva lectura sobre este aspecto esencial de la lectura materialista de la historia moderna, se encuentran en una revisión exhaustiva de los particularismos, conflictos y tensiones existentes en el interior de las sociedades feudales europeas.
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Referencias
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Barnet, R. & Muller, R. (1974). Global Reach. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Bermant, C. (1975). London’s East End. New York: Macmillan.
Boucher, C. (1968 [1901]). Industrial Evolution. New York: August Kelley.
Braudel, F. (1973). Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800. Nueva York: Harper and Row.
Braudel, F. (1976). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Nueva York: Harper and Row.
Brody, D. (1969). Steelworkers in America. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Carus-Wilson, E. & Coleman, O. (1963). England’s Export Trade, 1275-1547. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Castles, S. & Kosack,G. (1972). The Function of Labour Immigration in Western European Capitalism. New Left Review, (73).
Castles, S. & Kosack,G. (1973). Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe. Londres: Oxford University Press.
Cohn, N. (1970). The Pursuit of the Millennium. New York: Oxford University Press.
Coleman, D.C. (1957). Eli Heckscher and the Idea of Mercantilism. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 5 (1), 3-25.
Coolidge, M. R. (1969 [1909]). Chinese Immigration. New York: Arno Press.
Chadwick, H. M. (1945). The Nationalities of Europe and the Growth of National Ideologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davis, D. B. (1966). The Problems of Slavery in Western Civilization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Davies, K.G. (1962). The Mess of the Middle Class. Past and Present, (22), 77- 83.
de Felice, R. (1977). Interpretations of Fascism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
de Rougemont, D. (1966). The Idea of Europe. Nueva York: Macmillan.
Derry, T. K. & Blakeway, M. G. (1973). The Making of Pre-Industrial Britain. Londres: John Murray.
Fisch, M. (1970). The New Science of Giambattista Vico. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Halecki, O. (1963). The Millennium of Europe. South Bend: Notre Dame University Press.
Hay, D. (1966). Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Londres: Longman.
Hay, D. (1968). Europe: The Emergence of an Idea. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Heckscher, E. (1955). Mercantilism. Londres: George Allen and Unwin.
Hertz, F. (1970). Race and Civilization. New York: KTAV.
Hirschfield, M. (1938). Racism. Londres: Victor Gollancz.
Hobsbawm, E. (1972). Some Reflections on Nationalism. En T. J. Nossiter, A. H. Hanson & S. Rokkan (eds.), Imagination and Precision in the Social Sciences (pp. 385-406). Londres: Faber and Faber.
Horsman, R. (1981). Race and Manifest Destiny. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Inalcik, H. (1966). The Ottoman Empire. Londres: Weidenfeld y Nicolson.
Jellema, D. (1955). Frisian Trade in the Dark Ages. Speculum, 30 (1), 15-36.
Jordan, W. (1968). White Over Black. Chape Hill: University of North Carolina.
Kiernan, V. G. (1957). Foreign Mercenaries and Absolute Monarchy. Past and Present, 11(1), 66-86.
Kiernan, V. G. (1965). State and Nation in Western Europe. Past and Present, 31 (1), 28-38.
Kiernan, V. G. (1982). European Empires from Conquest to Collapse. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
Kropotkin, P. (s.f.). Mutual Aid, Extending. Boston: Horizon Books.
Latouche, R. (1961). The Birth of Western Economy. Nueva York: Barnes and Noble Inc.
López, R. (1966). The Birth of Europe. Londres: Phoenix House.
López, R. & Raymond, I. (1955). Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lazarsfeld, P. & Oberschall, A. (1965). Max Weber and Empirical Social Research. American Sociological Review, 30 (2), 185-199.
Malowist, M. (1959). The Economic and Social Development of the Baltic Countries from the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries. Economic History Review, 12 (2), 177-178.
Mannhein, K. (1936). Ideology and Utopia. Nueva York: Harcourt & Brace and World.
Marx, K. (1965). Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations. Nueva York: International Publishers.
Marx, K. (1972). The German Ideology. En R. Tucker (ed.), The Marx Engels Reader (pp. 158-161). New York: W. Norton
Marx, K. & Engels, F. (1972). The communist manifiesto. En R. Tucker (ed.), The Marx Engels Reader (pp. 337-338). New York: W. Norton
McMillan, D. (1965). Charlemagne Legends. En Encyclopaedia Britannica (pp. 291- 292). Chicago: William Benton.
Melendy, H. B. (1972). The Oriental Americans. New York: Twayne Publishers
Miller, S. (1969). The Unwelcome Immigrant. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mosse, G. (1978). Toward the Final Solution. Londres: J. M. Dent and Sons.
Origo, I. (1955). The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Speculum, 30 (3), 321-366)
Peyre, H. (1968). Historical and Political Essays. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
Pirenne, H. (1937). The Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe. New York: Harcourt & Brace and World.
Pirenne, H. (1948). Medieval Cities, Their Origins and the Revival of Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pirenne, H. (1968). Mohammed and Charlemagne. Londres: Unwin University Books.
Polanyi, K. (1957). The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.
Procacci, G. (1970). The History of the Italian People. Londres: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Ramsey, P. (1960). The European Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Economic History Review, 12 (3), 456-462.
Snowden, F. (1970). Blacks in Antiquity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Roy, M. N. (1976). Fascism. Jijnasa: Best Books.
Sweezy, P. et al. (1976). The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism. Londres: New Left Books.
Sneyder, L. (1939). Snyder’s Race. New York: Longmans & Green and Co.
Snyder, L. (1962). The Idea of Racialism. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand.
Styron, W. (1978). Hell Reconsidered. Review of Books, 10-14.
Tawny, R. (1950). A History of Capitalism. Economic History Review, 2 (3), 307-316.
Tigar, M. & Levy, M. (1977). Law and the Rise of Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Thompson, E.P. (1978). The Poverty of Theory or an Orrery of Errors. London: Monthly Review Press.
Verlinden, C. (1955). L’esclavage dans I’Europe medievale, vol. 1. Brujas: Peninsule Iberique.
Verlinden, C. (1955). Medieval Slavery in Europe and Colonial Slavery in Americap. En C. Verlinden, The Beginnings of Modern Colonization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Verlinden, C. (1955). The Transfer of Colonial Techniques from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. En C. Verlinden, The Beginnings of Modern Colonization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Wallerstein, E. (1974). The Modern World System. New York: Academic Press.
Welldon, F. (1963). An Introduction to Domesday Book. Londres: Longmans.
Westemarn, W. (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. Filadelfia: American Philosophical Society
Williams, E. (1966). Capitalism and Slavery. New York: Capricorn Books.
Arendt, H. (1958). The Origins of Totalitarianism. Cleveland: Meridian Books.
Bark, W. C. (1958). Origins of the Medieval World. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Barnet, R. & Muller, R. (1974). Global Reach. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Bermant, C. (1975). London’s East End. New York: Macmillan.
Boucher, C. (1968 [1901]). Industrial Evolution. New York: August Kelley.
Braudel, F. (1973). Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800. Nueva York: Harper and Row.
Braudel, F. (1976). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Nueva York: Harper and Row.
Brody, D. (1969). Steelworkers in America. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Carus-Wilson, E. & Coleman, O. (1963). England’s Export Trade, 1275-1547. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Castles, S. & Kosack,G. (1972). The Function of Labour Immigration in Western European Capitalism. New Left Review, (73).
Castles, S. & Kosack,G. (1973). Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe. Londres: Oxford University Press.
Cohn, N. (1970). The Pursuit of the Millennium. New York: Oxford University Press.
Coleman, D.C. (1957). Eli Heckscher and the Idea of Mercantilism. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 5 (1), 3-25.
Coolidge, M. R. (1969 [1909]). Chinese Immigration. New York: Arno Press.
Chadwick, H. M. (1945). The Nationalities of Europe and the Growth of National Ideologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davis, D. B. (1966). The Problems of Slavery in Western Civilization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Davies, K.G. (1962). The Mess of the Middle Class. Past and Present, (22), 77- 83.
de Felice, R. (1977). Interpretations of Fascism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
de Rougemont, D. (1966). The Idea of Europe. Nueva York: Macmillan.
Derry, T. K. & Blakeway, M. G. (1973). The Making of Pre-Industrial Britain. Londres: John Murray.
Fisch, M. (1970). The New Science of Giambattista Vico. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Halecki, O. (1963). The Millennium of Europe. South Bend: Notre Dame University Press.
Hay, D. (1966). Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Londres: Longman.
Hay, D. (1968). Europe: The Emergence of an Idea. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Heckscher, E. (1955). Mercantilism. Londres: George Allen and Unwin.
Hertz, F. (1970). Race and Civilization. New York: KTAV.
Hirschfield, M. (1938). Racism. Londres: Victor Gollancz.
Hobsbawm, E. (1972). Some Reflections on Nationalism. En T. J. Nossiter, A. H. Hanson & S. Rokkan (eds.), Imagination and Precision in the Social Sciences (pp. 385-406). Londres: Faber and Faber.
Horsman, R. (1981). Race and Manifest Destiny. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Inalcik, H. (1966). The Ottoman Empire. Londres: Weidenfeld y Nicolson.
Jellema, D. (1955). Frisian Trade in the Dark Ages. Speculum, 30 (1), 15-36.
Jordan, W. (1968). White Over Black. Chape Hill: University of North Carolina.
Kiernan, V. G. (1957). Foreign Mercenaries and Absolute Monarchy. Past and Present, 11(1), 66-86.
Kiernan, V. G. (1965). State and Nation in Western Europe. Past and Present, 31 (1), 28-38.
Kiernan, V. G. (1982). European Empires from Conquest to Collapse. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
Kropotkin, P. (s.f.). Mutual Aid, Extending. Boston: Horizon Books.
Latouche, R. (1961). The Birth of Western Economy. Nueva York: Barnes and Noble Inc.
López, R. (1966). The Birth of Europe. Londres: Phoenix House.
López, R. & Raymond, I. (1955). Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lazarsfeld, P. & Oberschall, A. (1965). Max Weber and Empirical Social Research. American Sociological Review, 30 (2), 185-199.
Malowist, M. (1959). The Economic and Social Development of the Baltic Countries from the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries. Economic History Review, 12 (2), 177-178.
Mannhein, K. (1936). Ideology and Utopia. Nueva York: Harcourt & Brace and World.
Marx, K. (1965). Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations. Nueva York: International Publishers.
Marx, K. (1972). The German Ideology. En R. Tucker (ed.), The Marx Engels Reader (pp. 158-161). New York: W. Norton
Marx, K. & Engels, F. (1972). The communist manifiesto. En R. Tucker (ed.), The Marx Engels Reader (pp. 337-338). New York: W. Norton
McMillan, D. (1965). Charlemagne Legends. En Encyclopaedia Britannica (pp. 291- 292). Chicago: William Benton.
Melendy, H. B. (1972). The Oriental Americans. New York: Twayne Publishers
Miller, S. (1969). The Unwelcome Immigrant. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mosse, G. (1978). Toward the Final Solution. Londres: J. M. Dent and Sons.
Origo, I. (1955). The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Speculum, 30 (3), 321-366)
Peyre, H. (1968). Historical and Political Essays. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
Pirenne, H. (1937). The Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe. New York: Harcourt & Brace and World.
Pirenne, H. (1948). Medieval Cities, Their Origins and the Revival of Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pirenne, H. (1968). Mohammed and Charlemagne. Londres: Unwin University Books.
Polanyi, K. (1957). The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.
Procacci, G. (1970). The History of the Italian People. Londres: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Ramsey, P. (1960). The European Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Economic History Review, 12 (3), 456-462.
Snowden, F. (1970). Blacks in Antiquity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Roy, M. N. (1976). Fascism. Jijnasa: Best Books.
Sweezy, P. et al. (1976). The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism. Londres: New Left Books.
Sneyder, L. (1939). Snyder’s Race. New York: Longmans & Green and Co.
Snyder, L. (1962). The Idea of Racialism. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand.
Styron, W. (1978). Hell Reconsidered. Review of Books, 10-14.
Tawny, R. (1950). A History of Capitalism. Economic History Review, 2 (3), 307-316.
Tigar, M. & Levy, M. (1977). Law and the Rise of Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Thompson, E.P. (1978). The Poverty of Theory or an Orrery of Errors. London: Monthly Review Press.
Verlinden, C. (1955). L’esclavage dans I’Europe medievale, vol. 1. Brujas: Peninsule Iberique.
Verlinden, C. (1955). Medieval Slavery in Europe and Colonial Slavery in Americap. En C. Verlinden, The Beginnings of Modern Colonization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Verlinden, C. (1955). The Transfer of Colonial Techniques from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. En C. Verlinden, The Beginnings of Modern Colonization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Wallerstein, E. (1974). The Modern World System. New York: Academic Press.
Welldon, F. (1963). An Introduction to Domesday Book. Londres: Longmans.
Westemarn, W. (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. Filadelfia: American Philosophical Society
Williams, E. (1966). Capitalism and Slavery. New York: Capricorn Books.
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