Lecciones para el presente que deja la ley del extranjero enemigo y la deportación de latinoamericanos a Estados Unidos durante la segunda guerra mundial.
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Miller, M. (2020). Lecciones para el presente que deja la ley del extranjero enemigo y la deportación de latinoamericanos a Estados Unidos durante la segunda guerra mundial. Tabula Rasa, (33), 201-224. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n33.08
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Marilyn Miller
Resumen
Luego del bombardeo a Pearl Harbor a finales de 1941, Estados Unidos promulgó una nueva versión de la Ley del Extranjero Enemigo, firmada originalmente en el siglo XVIII, que permitía el desplazamiento forzado y la detención de civiles considerados enemigos declarados, o potenciales, tanto dentro de las fronteras como fuera de ellas. En el marco del Programa de Control de Extranjeros Enemigos Latinoamericanos, cerca de 31.000 hombres, mujeres y niños de orígenes europeo y japonés fueron privados de la libertad e internados en Estados Unidos y en otros quince países del continente americano entre 1941 y 1946, al parecer con el objetivo de proteger la seguridad hemisférica en tiempo de guerra. El programa secreto reveló el mito de la armonía interamericana asociada a la Política del buen vecino, violó derechos individuales y en últimas no contribuyó a la seguridad nacional estadounidense. También propició el deterioro de las relaciones interamericanas, por los prejuicios basados en el país de origen, las creencias en la inferioridad latinoamericana, y la preponderancia de la conveniencia política o económica por encima de los derechos humanos. Dado que este desplazamiento forzado de personas, promovido por Estados Unidos, incluyó por lo general la separación de miembros de la misma familia, la privación de la libertad por largos periodos sin acceso a una audiencia y otras situaciones comunes en la época actual, ofrece importantes lecciones para las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y Latinoamérica en la zona fronteriza en nuestra época.
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Referencias
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Agamben, G. (1998). Homer sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
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Fox, S. (1990). The Unknown Internment. An Oral History of the Relocation of Italian Americans during World War II. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
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Miller, J. C. (1951). Crisis in Freedom. The Alien and Sedition Acts. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Miller, T. (2013). Creating a Military-Industrial-Immigration Complex. The Nation. 11 de julio. Recuperado de: https://www.thenation.com/article/creating-military-industrialimmigration-complex/
Pistol, R. (2017). Internment during the Second World War. London: Bloomsbury.
Robinson, G. (2009). A Tragedy of Democracy. Japanese Confinement in North America. New York: Columbia University Press.
Roehl, M. H. (1943). Refugee Violinist Fled From Nazis; Finds U.S. Welcomes Self and Mother. The New Orleans Item, 21 de agosto, 1,5.
Saito, N. T. (1998). Justice Held Hostage: U.S. Disregard for International Law in the World War II Internment of Japanese Peruvians-A Case Study. Boston College Law Review, 40(1), 275-348.
Slack, C. (2015). Liberty’s First Crisis. Adams, Jefferson, and the Misfits who Saved Free Speech. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Strum, H. (1990). Jewish Internees in the American South, 1942-1945. American Jewish Archives, 42(1), 27-48.
Sullivan, E. & Qiu, L. Trump Makes Misleading Border Wall Claims Before and After Meeting with Democrats. New York Times, 11 de diciembre. Recuperado de: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/us/politics/fact-check-trump-border-wall.html
Wyman, D. (1984). The abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945. New York: Pantheon Books.
World War II Enemy Alien Control Program Overview. National Archives. Research our Records. Recuperado de: https://www.archives.gov/research/immigration/enemy-aliens-overview
Agamben, G. (1998). Homer sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Barnhart, E. N. (1962). Citizenship and Political Tests in Latin American Republics in World War II. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 42(3), 297-332.
Border Militarization and Corporate Outsourcing. (n/d). National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights. Recuperado de: https://nnirr.org/drupal/border-militarizationcorporate-outsourcing
Butler, C. (Ed.). (2007). Guantanamo Bay and the Judicial-Moral Treatment of the Other. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press.
Butler, J. (2004). Precarious Life. The Powers of Mourning and Violence. New York: Verso.
Chopas, M. E. B. (2017). Searching for Subversives. The Story of Italian Internment in Wartime America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Christgau, J. (1985). “Enemies.” World War II Alien Internment. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Civil Liberties Act of 1988. (1988). Promulgada por el Congreso de Estados Unidos, 10 de agosto. https://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/civilact.html
Collins, J,, Hiller, J. & Kohl, M. (2017). Camp of the Innocents. Documental. Youtube. 24 de mayo. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5x1Go14XAfA
Connell, T. (1995). The internment of Latin American Japanese in the United States during World War Two: the Peruvian Japanese experience. PhD dissertation. Tallahassee: Florida State University.
Dart, T. (2015). Inside the US ‘border industrial complex’: Spy tech meets immigration crackdown. The Guardian. 26 de abril, Recuperado de: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/26/surveillance-border-security-expo
Dickerson, J. L. (2010). Inside America’s Concentration Camps. Two Centuries of Internment and Torture. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
Feeley, F. M. (1999). America’s Concentration Camps During World War II. New Orleans: University Press of the South.
Fox, S. (1997). The Deportation of Latin American Germans, 1941-1947: Fresh Legs for Mr. Monroe’s Doctrine. Yearbook of German-American Studies, 32, 117-144.
Fox, S. (1990). The Unknown Internment. An Oral History of the Relocation of Italian Americans during World War II. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
Friedman, M. P. (2008). The U.S. Internment of Families from Latin America in World War II. DEP, 9, 57-73. Recuperado de: http://www.unive.it/media/allegato/dep/n9-2008/Saggi/Friedman-saggio.pdf
Friedman, M. P. (2003). Nazis and Good Neighbors. The United States Campaign Against the Germans of Latin America in World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gardiner, C. H. (1981). Pawns in a Triangle of Hate: the Peruvian Japanese and the United States. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
German American Internee Coalition. Website. gaic.info.
Gonzales, R. (2018). America No Longer A ‘Nation of Immigrants,’ USCIS Says. National Public Radio, 22 de febrero. Recuperado de: https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/22/588097749/america-no-longer-a-nation-of-immigrantsuscis-says
Higashide, S. (1993). Adios to Tears: The Memoirs of a Japanese-Peruvian Internee in US Concentration Camps. Honolulu: E & E Kudo.
Higgs, R. (1995). World War II and the Military-Industrial-Congressional Complex. Freedom Daily. 1 de mayo. Recuperado de: https://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=141
Inouye, K. (2016). The Long Afterlife of Nikkei Wartime Incarceration. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Jews, Nazis Fight in U.S. Internment Camps; Separation Asked by Jewish Internees. (1942). Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 18 de agosto. Recuperado de: https://www.jta.org/1942/08/18/archive/jews-nazis-fight-in-u-s-internment-camps-separation-asked-byjewish-internees
Kaplan-Levinson, L. (2017). The World War II Internment Camp, ‘Camp Algiers’, Parte I. 12 de enero. WWNO. Tripod: New Orleans at 300. Recuperado de: http://wwno.org/post/wwii-internment-camp-camp-algiers-part-i
Kappel, Fred. Name file at National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record Group 59, Box 41.
Lipman, J. (2018). 5 things to know about Guantanamo Bay on its 115th birthday. The Conversation. 10 de diciembre. Recuperado de: https://theconversation.com/5-things-toknow-about-guantanamo-bay-on-its-115th-birthday-108301
Malkin, M. (2004). In Defense of Internment: the Case for “racial profiling” in WWII and the War on Terror. Washington, DC: Regnery.
Miller, J. C. (1951). Crisis in Freedom. The Alien and Sedition Acts. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Miller, T. (2013). Creating a Military-Industrial-Immigration Complex. The Nation. 11 de julio. Recuperado de: https://www.thenation.com/article/creating-military-industrialimmigration-complex/
Pistol, R. (2017). Internment during the Second World War. London: Bloomsbury.
Robinson, G. (2009). A Tragedy of Democracy. Japanese Confinement in North America. New York: Columbia University Press.
Roehl, M. H. (1943). Refugee Violinist Fled From Nazis; Finds U.S. Welcomes Self and Mother. The New Orleans Item, 21 de agosto, 1,5.
Saito, N. T. (1998). Justice Held Hostage: U.S. Disregard for International Law in the World War II Internment of Japanese Peruvians-A Case Study. Boston College Law Review, 40(1), 275-348.
Slack, C. (2015). Liberty’s First Crisis. Adams, Jefferson, and the Misfits who Saved Free Speech. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Strum, H. (1990). Jewish Internees in the American South, 1942-1945. American Jewish Archives, 42(1), 27-48.
Sullivan, E. & Qiu, L. Trump Makes Misleading Border Wall Claims Before and After Meeting with Democrats. New York Times, 11 de diciembre. Recuperado de: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/us/politics/fact-check-trump-border-wall.html
Wyman, D. (1984). The abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945. New York: Pantheon Books.
World War II Enemy Alien Control Program Overview. National Archives. Research our Records. Recuperado de: https://www.archives.gov/research/immigration/enemy-aliens-overview
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