Caracteristicas cognitivas y oculares en enfermedad de Alzheimer

Cognitive and ocular characteristics in Alzheimer’s disease

La enfermedad de Alzheimer/AD es un trastorno neurodegenerativo progresivo que afecta la memoria y todas las funciones cognitivas con una edad de inicio tardío o precoz, y se presenta con una muy baja frecuencia por causa genética por alteración en el gen de la PPA, PS1 O PS2. El elemento etiológico mayor conocido es genético, con múltiples factores de susceptibilidad     en interacción con factores medioambientales. Las guías de diagnóstico para la AD incluyen evaluaciones psicológicas, psiquiátricas y neurológicas con función cerebral, y no incluyen estudios de la función visual como parte del protocolo diagnóstico, siendo fuerte la evidencia de cambios oculares en retina y en algunas funciones visuales que aparecen aun sin el deterioro cognitivo característico de esta enfermedad. Objetivo. Describir las características cognitivas y oculares  en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión documental de literatura científica en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, Hinari y Ebsco Ebsco, Proquest, entre otras, con un periodo de búsqueda de los últimos 10 años, mediante los términos mesh “Alzheimer Disease and ocular changes”, “visual cognitive alteration in Alzheimer” “retina and Alzheimer disease”. Resultados: La AD presenta un proceso neurodegenerativo con deterioro cognitivo, que se presenta en todas las regiones de la corteza cerebral, iniciándose en corteza del hipocampo y amígdala cerebral desde donde progresa a la circunvolución para-hipocampal, lóbulos temporales y frontales. Conclusiones. Varios estudios han demostrado que la AD presenta alteraciones en memoria, lenguaje, orientación visoespacial, acompañada por cambios estructurales en cerebro     y en la retina al reducir el espesor de las células ganglionares, de las capas de fibras nerviosas y  al contener cuerpos de inclusión con proteína beta amiloide (Aβ) y demuestran además que el diagnóstico de alteraciones funcionales por la acumulación de Aβ es un marcador precoz de la AD.

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