COVID-19 vaccines: current status and perspectives for its development

Vacunas para COVID-19: Estado actual y perspectivas para su desarrollo

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic shows the importance of joint work for the development of vaccines against the virus, these include complete viruses, subunits, attenuated vaccines, viral vectors and nucleic acids, most of the proposals are based on protein subunits. Of the more than 115 candidates reported until April, 73 are in preclinical studies, as of June the most advanced option is in phase II / II, one in phase II, two in phase I / II and four in phase I. The candidates more advanced are AZD1222 (AstraZeneca) based on recombinant adenovirus for protein S (phase II / III); PiCoVacc (Sinovac Biotech) based on inactivated virus (Phase I / II); while mRNA-1273 (Modern) based on mRNA for protein S, INO-4800 (Inovio Pharmaceticals) based on plasmid DNA for protein S, Ad5-nCoV (Cansino Biologicals) based on adenovirus type 5 expressing protein S, LV- SMENP-DC is based on dendritic cells with lentiviruses for viral protein domains and pathogen-specified aAPC, based on antigen-presenting cells with lentiviruses for viral protein domains (Shenzhen Institute of Genoimmune Medicine, are in phase I).

The purpose of this work against the clock is directed towards the sole objective of achieving a vaccine candidate who demonstrates safety and determination in the control and prevention of the surprising virus that revealed that there is no small enemy or that the smaller the more dangerous, because the cause of COVID-19 not only attacked human health but the economy of the planet and the customs and routine activities that humanity develops.

1. GenBank. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome. [Internet]. [Consultado el 11 feb 2020]. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947.3.

2. World Health Organization (WHO). DRAFT landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines-20 April 2020. [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus-landscape-ncov.pdf?ua=1.

3. Lawrence C, Mascola J, Fauci A, Collins F. A strategic approach to COVID-19 vaccine R&D. Science [Internet]. 2020. [Consultado 29 de may 2020]; 368 ISSUE 6494. Disponible en: DOI: 10.1126/science.abc5312

4. Ewen C. The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide. Nature [Internet]. 2020 [Consultado Apr 2020]; 580(7805):576-577. Disponible en: DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-01221-y.

5. Inovio. Inovio accelerates timeline for COVID-19 DNA vaccine INO-4800 [pressmeddelande]. 3 mar 2020 [citerat 19 mar 2020]. htt p: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/inovio-accelerates-timeline-for-covid-19-dna-vaccine-ino-4800-301015031.html.

6. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and immunogenicity study of 2019-nCoV vaccine (mRNA-1273) to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection [Internet]. [Consultado 29 Mar 2020]. NCT04283461. Disponible en: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04283461.

7. Susannah L. At least 68 vaccine candidates under development. Lakartidningen [Internet] 2020 [Consultado 6 Apr 2020];117:F3MZ.

8. Lamirande EW, DeDiego ML, Roberts A, Jackson JP, Alvarez E, Sheahan T, et al. A live attenuated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is immunogenic and efficacious in golden Syrian hamsters. J. Virol. 2008;82(15):7721–7724.

9. Lin JT, Zhang JS, Su N, et al. Safety and immunogenicity from a phase I trial of inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(7):1107-13.

10. Codagenix, Inc. Codagenix and Serum Institute of India initiate co-development of a scalable, live-attenuated vaccine against the 2019 novel coronavirus, COVID-19 [Internet].
[Consultado 19 Mar 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/codagenix-and-serum-institute-of-india-initiate-co-development-of-a-scalable-live-attenuated-vaccine-against-the-2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-301004654.html.

11. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate MERS-CoV vaccine (MERS001) [Internet]. [Consultado 20 mar 2020]. NCT03399578. Disponible en: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03399578.

12. Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR). A phase I clinical trial for recombinant novel coronavirus (2019-COV) vaccine (adenoviral vector). [Internet]. [Consultado 29 Mar 2020]. ChiCTR2000030906. Disponible en: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=51154.

13. Chappell K, Watterson D, Young P. Rapid response pipeline for stabilized subunit vaccines. Vaccine Technology VII [Internet]. 2018 [consultado 20 Jun 2018]. Disponible en: https://dc.engconfintl.org/vt_vii/111.

14. Clover Biopharmaceuticals. Comunicado de prensa: Clover successfully produced 2019-nCoV subunit vaccine candidate and detected cross-reacting antibodies from sera of multiple infected patients [Internet]. 2020. [Consultado 19 Mar 2020]. Disponible en: http://www.cloverbiopharma.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=11&id=41.

15. Novavax. Comunicado de prensa: Novavax advances development of novel COVID-19 vaccine [Internet]. 2020. [Consultado 19 Mar 2020]. Disponible en: http://ir.novavax.com/news-releases/news-release-details/novavax-advances-development-novel-covid-19-vaccine.

16. Tung TL, Zacharias A, Arun K, Gómez R, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020:19(5)305-306.

17. Cormac S. Questions remain following first COVID-19 vaccine results. Nat Biotechnol [Internet] 2020. DOI: 10.1038/D41587-020-00015.