SARS-CoV-2: generalidades bioquímicas y métodos de diagnóstico

Comisión Municipal de Salud de Wuhan. Informe de la Comisión Municipal de Salud de Wuhan sobre la situación actual de epidemia de neumonía en nuestra ciudad. 2019 Dec 31 [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/2019123108989
2. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Novel Coronavirus – China. 2020 Jan 12 [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/
3. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
4. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Declaración sobre la segunda reunión del Comité de Emergencias del Reglamento Sanitario ‎Internacional (2005) acerca del brote del nuevo coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 2020 Jan 30 [cited 2020 Apr 9]; Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
5. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Alocución de apertura del Director General de la OMS en la rueda de prensa sobre la COVID-19 celebrada el 11 de marzo de 2020. 2020 Mar 11 [cited 2020 Apr 9]; Available from: https://www.who.int/es/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
6. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. 2003 Dec 31 [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/
7. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/
8. Organización Mundial de la Salud. 10 amenazas a la salud mundial en 2018. 2018 Feb [cited 2020 Apr 9]; Available from: https://www.who.int/features/2018/10-threats-global-heath/es/
9. Menachery VD, Yount BL, Debbink K, Agnihothram S, Gralinski LE, Plante JA, et al. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat Med [Internet]. 2015;21:1508–1513. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3985
10. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis. In: Maier H, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds) Coronaviruses Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1282. Humana Press, New York, NY; 2015. p. 1984–2020.
11. Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu Y, et al. From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses. 2019;11(1):59.
12. Reusken CEM, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MPG. Dromedary camels and Middle East respiratory syndrome: MERS coronavirus in the “ship of the desert.” Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2014;158:A7806.
13. Wang LF, Eaton BT. Bats, civets and the emergence of SARS. In: Childs J.E., Mackenzie J.S. RJ., editor. Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 315. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; 2007.
14. Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17:181–192.
15. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Orientaciones técnicas sobre el nuevo coronavirus (2019-nCoV). [cited 2020 Apr 9]; Available from: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance
16. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Brote de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19): orientaciones para el público. [cited 2020 Apr 9]; Available from: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
17. Reuters. Wuhan lockdown “unprecedented”, shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China. 2020 Jan 23 [cited 2020 Mar 15]; Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-who/wuhan-lockdown-unprecedented-shows-commitment-to-contain-virus-who-representative-in-china-idUSKBN1ZM1G9
18. BBC News Mundo. Coronavirus: 5 estrategias que están funcionando en los países que han logrado contener los contagios de covid-19. 2020 Mar 17 [cited 2020 Mar 27]; Available from: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-51919935
19. Worldometer. Coronavirus Cases [Internet]. Worldometer. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 27]. p. 1–22. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-cases/#daily-cases
20. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Coronavirus en Colombia. [cited 2020 Apr 27]; Available from: https://www.ins.gov.co/Noticias/Paginas/Coronavirus.aspx
21. Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):514–23.
22. Tong Z-D, Tang A, Li K-F, Li P, Wang H-L, Yi J-P, et al. Potential Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Zhejiang Province, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 May;26(5):1052–4.
23. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin DY, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(14):1406-1407.
24. Zheng J. SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 21;16(10):1678–85.
25. Doremalen N van, Bushmaker T, Morris D, Holbrook M, Gamble A, Williamson B, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1564–7.
26. Yeo C, Kaushal S, Yeo D. Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Apr 1;5(4):335–7.
27. Lu C wei, Liu X fen, Jia Z fang. 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):e39.
28. Worldometer. Coronavirus Incubation Period (COVID-19). 2020 Mar 12 [cited 2020 Mar 27]; Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-incubation-period/
29. Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Feb;395(10225):689–97. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620302609
30. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Nuevo coronavirus - República de Corea (procedente de China). 2020 Jan 21 [cited 2020 Apr 9]; Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/don/21-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-republic-of-korea-ex-china/es/
31. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Lineamientos para Prevención Control y Reporte de Accidente Laboral por Exposición Ocupacional al SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) en Instituciones de Salud [Internet]. Bogotá, Colombia; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Ministerio/Institucional/Procesos y procedimientos/GPSG04.pdf
32. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Resolución número 385 del 12 de marzo de 2020 [Internet]. Bogotá, Colombia; [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/DE/DIJ/resolucion-385-de-2020.pdf
33. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–74.
34. Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng BJ, Jiang S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV - A target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(3):226–36.
35. Liu Z, Xiao X, Wei X, Li J, Yang J, Tan H, et al. Composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ACE2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol. 2020;92:595–601.
36. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20.
37. Ziebuhr J, Siddell SG. Processing of the Human Coronavirus 229E Replicase Polyproteins by the Virus-Encoded 3C-Like Proteinase: Identification of Proteolytic Products and Cleavage Sites Common to pp1a and pp1ab. J Virol. 1999;73(1):177–185.
38. Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):586–90.
39. Deng X, StJohn SE, Osswald HL, O’Brien A, Banach BS, Sleeman K, et al. Coronaviruses Resistant to a 3C-Like Protease Inhibitor Are Attenuated for Replication and Pathogenesis, Revealing a Low Genetic Barrier but High Fitness Cost of Resistance. J Virol. 2014;88(20):11886–98.
40. Ibrahim IM, Abdelmalek DH, Elshahat ME, Elfiky AA. COVID-19 spike-host cell receptor GRP78 binding site prediction. J Infect. 2020;80(5):554–62.
41. Wang Q, Qiu Y, Li JY, Zhou ZJ, Liao CH, Ge XY. A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility. Virol Sin. 2020;20:1–3.
42. Robson B. Computers and viral diseases. Preliminary bioinformatics studies on the design of a synthetic vaccine and a preventative peptidomimetic antagonist against the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV, COVID-19) coronavirus. Comput Biol Med. 2020;119:103670.
43. Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science (80- ). 2020;367(6483):1260–3.
44. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasllieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426(6965):450–4.
45. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Krüger N, Müller M, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S. The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells. bioRxiv. 2020;
46. Ibrahim IM, Abdelmalek DH, Elfiky AA. GRP78: A cell’s response to stress. Life Sci. 2019;226:156–63.
47. Organización Mundial de la Salud. PCR protocol. [cited 2020 Apr 27]; Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/whoinhouseassays.pdf?sfvrsn=de3a76aa_2
48. Chen Y, Chan KH, Hong C, Kang Y, Ge S, Chen H, et al. A highly specific rapid antigen detection assay for on-site diagnosis of MERS. J Infect. 2016;73(1):82–4.
49. Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Wong BHL, Tsoi HW, Woo GKS, Poon RWS, et al. Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in SARS patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(7):2884–9.
50. Diao B, Wen K, Chen J, Liu Y, Yuan Z, Han C, et al. Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection by Detection of Nucleocapsid Protein. medRxiv. 2020;
51. Li W, Liu L, Chen L, Shang S. Evaluation of a Commercial Colloidal Gold Assay for Detection of Influenza A and B Virus in Children’s Respiratory Specimens. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2019 Jul 15;39(2):93–8.
52. Chan CM, Tse H, Wong SSY, Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Chen L, et al. Examination of seroprevalence of coronavirus HKU1 infection with S protein-based ELISA and neutralization assay against viral spike pseudotyped virus. J Clin Virol. 2009;45(1):54–60.
53. Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang X Lou, Hu B, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):386–9.
54. Wondfo. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test(Lateral Flow Method) [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://en.wondfo.com.cn/product/wondfo-sars-cov-2-antibody-test-lateral-flow-method-2/
55. Wondfo. Chinese testing kit exports soar as COVID-19 spreads [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 8]. Available from: https://en.wondfo.com.cn/2020/03/18/chinese-testing-kit-exports-soar-as-covid-19-spreads/
56. INNOVITA. Beijing Innotech Biotechnology Co., Ltd .—— In vitro diagnosis [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: http://www.innovita.com.cn/html/cn/
57. National Medical Products Administration. State Food and Drug Administration emergency approval of new coronavirus detection products [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2056/375802.html
58. MGI Tech. COVID-19 Total Solutions for Detection and Surveillance [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 27]. Available from: https://en.mgitech.cn/resource/webinars_info/19/
59. CapitalBio RTisochip. A Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Microfluidic Chip Analyzer [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 27]. Available from: http://www.capitalbiotech.com/en/products-content.html?id=34
60. Cai X, Chen J, Hu J, Long Q, Deng H, Fan K, et al. A Peptide-based Magnetic Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay for Serological Diagnosis of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). medRxiv. 2020;
61. ID NOW COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136525/download
62. Nanjing Branch. Suzhou Medical Institute lanzó un nuevo sistema de detección rápida de ácido nucleico in situ para el coronavirus [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 27]. Available from: http://www.njb.cas.cn/xwdt2016/yw/202004/t20200410_5536930.html
63. ePlex ® SARS-CoV-2 Test Assay Manual [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136282/download
64. Curti L, Pereyra-Bonnet F, Gimenez C. An ultrasensitive, rapid, and portable coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 sequence detection method based on CRISPR-Cas12. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2020 Mar 2 [cited 2020 Apr 8]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.29.971127
65. ARIES ® SARS-CoV-2 Assay Package Insert [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 8]. Available from: www.luminexcorp.com
66. Cellex qSARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Test [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 8]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136625/download
67. QIAGEN. Sample to Insight QIAstat-Dx ® Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Panel Instructions for Use (Handbook) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136571/download
68. NeuMoDx Molecular. NeuMoDxTM SARS-CoV-2 Assay [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136565/download
69. NxTAG ® CoV Extended Panel Assay Package Insert [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: www.luminexcorp.com
70. BGI Genomics. Real-Time Fluorescent RT-PCR Kit for Detecting SARS-2019-nCoV [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136472/download
71. AvellioCoV2 test EUA Summary [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136453/download
72. PerkinElmer. Instructions for PerkinElmer New Coronavirus Nucleic Acid Detection Kit v 1.0 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136410/download
73. Accula. SARS-CoV-2 Test [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 8]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136355/download
74. BioFire ® COVID-19 Test Instructions for Use For use under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) only [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: www.biofiredefense.com/covid-19test
75. Cepheid. For Use with GeneXpert Xpress System (point of care system) Xpert ® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 Instructions for Use [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136315/download
76. Primerdesign. Genesig ® Real-Time PCR assay [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136823/download
77. SimplexaTM COVID-19 Direct [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136286/download
78. Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136258/download
79. Quest Diagnostics. SARS-CoV-2 RNA, Qualitative Real-Time RT-PCR [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136231/download
80. Lyra® SARS-CoV-2 Assay 10 Instructions for Use [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136227/download
81. Laboratory Corporation of America. COVID-19 RT-PCR test EUA [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136151/download
82. Hologic. SARS-CoV-2 Assay (Panther Fusion ® System) Panther Fusion ® SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136156/download
83. Thermo Fisher Scientific. TaqPath TM COVID-19 Combo Kit. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR test intended for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136112/download
84. Cobas. SARS-CoV-2. Qualitative assay for use on the cobas® 6800/8800 Systems [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/136049/download
85. Wadsworth Center New York State Department of Public Health’s. New York SARS-CoV-2 Real-time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Diagnostic Panel [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/135847/download
86. CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download
87. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(13):1239–1242.
88. Suo T, Liu X, Guo M, Feng J, Hu W, Yang Y, et al. ddPCR: a more sensitive and accurate tool for SARS-CoV-2 1 detection in low viral load specimens. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 15];2020.02.29.20029439. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.29.20029439
89. Bruce EA, Tighe S, Hoffman JJ, Laaguiby P, Gerrard DL, Diehl SA, et al. RT-qPCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from patient nasopharyngeal swab using Qiagen RNeasy kits or directly via omission of an RNA extraction step. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.001008