Canales de calcio como blanco de interés farmacológico

Calcium channels as a pharmacological target

Los canales de calcio son proteínas de membrana que constituyen la vía más importante para el ingreso del ion calcio (Ca²⁺) a la célula. Al abrirse, permiten el ingreso selectivo del ion, iniciando una variedad de procesos como contracción muscular, secreción endocrina y liberación de neurotransmisores, entre otros. Estas proteínas se agrupan en tres categorías de acuerdo con sus propiedades estructurales y funcionales: (i) Canales de Ca²⁺ operados por interacción receptor-ligando (ROCC), (ii) Canales activados por parámetros físicos (Transient Receptor Potencial, TRP) y (iii) Canales de Calcio dependientes de voltaje (VDCCs), siendo estos últimos los más estudiados debido a su presencia en células excitables. Dada la importancia de Ca²⁺ en la fisiología celular, los canales de Ca²⁺ constituyen un punto de acción farmacológica importante para múltiples tratamientos y, por tanto, son objeto de estudio para el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos. El objetivo de esta revisión es explicar la importancia de los canales de Ca²⁺ desde una proyección farmacológica, a partir de la exploración documental de artículos publicados hasta la fecha teniendo en cuenta temas relacionados con la estructura de los canales Ca²⁺, sus propiedades biofísicas, localización celular, funcionamiento y su interacción farmacológica.

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