Principales reguladores hormonales y sus interacciones en el crecimiento vegetal
Main hormonal regulators and their interactions in plant growth
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Una hormona vegetal o fitohormona es un compuesto producido internamente por una planta, que ejerce su función en muy bajas concentraciones y cuyo principal efecto se produce a nivel celular, cambiando los patrones de crecimiento de los vegetales y permitiendo su control. Los reguladores vegetales son compuestos sintetizados químicamente u obtenidos de otros organismos y son, en general, mucho más potentes que los análogos naturales. Es necesario tener en cuenta aspectos críticos como oportunidad de aplicación, dosis, sensibilidad de la variedad, condición de la planta, etc., ya que cada planta requerirá de unas condiciones específicas de crecimiento que pueden afectarse por la concentración de ellos en el medio. Los reguladores vegetales son productos sintéticos que se han convertido en las primeras herramientas capaces de controlar el crecimiento y actividad bioquímica de las plantas por lo que su uso ha aumentado en los últimos años.
Esta revisión busca hacer una recopilación bibliográfica de los primeros acontecimientos de la aplicación de los reguladores de crecimiento vegetal. Se presentan las principales características fisiológicas que pueden desarrollar la aplicación de estos sobre el crecimiento vegetal a nivel celular y su repercusión a nivel fenotípico; además, se describen las principales fitohormonas más conocidas en la aplicación biotecnológica. Entre ellas se encuentran auxinas, giberelinas, citoquininas, ácido abscísico, ácido salicílico, poliaminas, jasmonatos y derivados, brasinoesteroides, etileno y estrigolactonas. Se detallan las principales funciones a nivel del metabolismo vegetal y sus posibles interacciones intra e intercelular.
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