La ciencia neoliberal
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Mar 10, 2020
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Lander, E. (2020). La ciencia neoliberal. Tabula Rasa, (09), 247-283. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.unicolmayor.edu.co/index.php/tabularasa/article/view/1494
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Edgardo Lander
Resumen
Las transformaciones que ha vivido el planeta como consecuencia de la reconcentración del poder y de la creciente mercantilización de todas las esferas de la vida durante las últimas tres décadas, desde el inicio de este contraataque neoliberal iniciado durante los gobiernos de Reagan y de Thatcher, han tenido efectos profundos en los modos y procesos de producción de conocimiento en las sociedades contemporáneas. La ciencia y la actividad de investigación universitaria no han escapado a los avances de la lógica mercantil que invade progresivamente más y más ámbitos de la vida colectiva. Las pugnas en torno a los procesos de producción, apropiación y regulación del conocimiento, juegan un papel cada vez más central en las tensiones entre la expansión de la lógica mercantil a todos los ámbitos de la vida que caracteriza a la globalización neoliberal, y las múltiples formas de resistencia y búsquedas de alternativas a este orden global. Estos procesos globales constituyen el contexto dentro del cual se aborda el tema específico de este texto: las implicaciones de la tendencia creciente a la mercantilización de la ciencia, en particular (pero no sólo) las disciplinas asociadas a la biotecnología y la biomedicina.
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Referencias
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Angell, Marcia. 2004. The Truth About Drug Companies. How they deceive us and what to do about it, Nueva York, Random House.
Barnett, Antony (editor de asuntos públicos). 2003. “Revealed: how drug firms ‘hoodwink’ medical journals. Pharmaceutical giants hire ghostwriters to produce articles - then put doctors’ names on them”, The Observer, 7 de diciembre .
BBC News. 2004. “Clinical drug trials ‘distorted’ ”, Londres, 9 de septiembre. [http:// news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/health/3640488.stm].
BBC News. 2003. “Key research papers ‘misleading’”, 1 de octubre. [http://news.bbc. co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/health/3113973.stm].
BBC News. 2002. “‘Ghostwritten’ research claims”, Londres, 7 de febrero. [http://news. bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1806613.stm].
Bekelman, Justin E.; Yan Li, y Cary P. Gross. 2003. “Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research A Systematic Review”, JAMA. vol. 289, no. 4:22 de enero.
Bereano, Phil y Martin Phillipson. 2004. “Goliath vs. Schmeiser”, Genewatch, vol. 17 No. 4, julio-agosto.
Berg, Paul. 2004. “Asilomar and Recombinant DNA”, The Nobel Foundation, 26 de agosto. [http://nobelprize.org/medicine/articles/berg/]
Blumenthal, D.; E. G. Campbell; M. S. Anderson; N. Causino y K. S. Louis. 1997. “Withholding research results in academic life science. Evidence from a national survey of faculty”, JAMA, vol. 277 no. 15, abril.
Boseley, Sarah. 2004. “Seroxat and Prozac ‘can make people homicidal’”, The Guardian, Londres, 21 de septiembre.
Borlaug, Norman E. “Ending World Hunger. The Promise of Biotechnology and the Threat of Antiscience Zealotry” Plant Physiology, vol. 124, octubre 2000.
Brown, Colin. 2004. “Drug companies accused of putting patients’ lives at risk”, The Independent, Londres, 15 de octubre.
Brownlee, Shannon, (Doctors Without Borders). 2004. “Why you can’t trust medical journals anymore”, Washington Monthly, abril.
Burros, Marion. 1999. “Documents Show [FDA] Officials Disagreed on Altered Food”, New York Times, 1 de diciembre.
Bush, George W., 2003. President Bush Urges Congress to Pass BioShield Legislation, The White House, Washington, 23 de junio. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/06/ print/20030623-2.htm]
Campbell, Duncan. 1999. “Going to War over Prime Numbers. Revelations from the secret world of spying raise academic questions for both history and mathematics”, Times Higher Education Supplement, Londres 22 de April.
Capra, Fritjof. 1985. El punto crucial. Ciencia, sociedad y cultura naciente, Buenos Aires, Ed. Troquel.
Correa, Carlos. 2000. Intellectual Property Rights, the WTO and Developing Countries. The TRIPS Agreement and Policy Options. Londres y Penang, Zed Books y Third World Network.Council on Governmental Relations. 1999. “The Bayh-Dole Act. A Guide to The Lawand Implementing Regulations”. [http://www.ucop.edu/ott/bayh.html]
Davidoff, Frank. et.al. 2001. “Sponsorship, authorship, and accountability”, The Lancet vol. 358, no. 9285, 15 de septiembre.
de Sousa Santos, Boaventura. 1999. La globalización del derecho. Los nuevos caminos de la regulación y la emancipación, Bogotá, Universidad Nacional de Colombia e Instituto Latinoamericano de Servicios Legales Alternativos.
Dugger, Celia, W. 2004. “Supermarket Giants Crush Central American Farmers”, New York Times, 28 de diciembre.
Easlea, Brian. 1980. Liberation and the Aims of Science. Edimburgo, Scotish Academy Press.
Engell, James y Anthony Dangerfield. 1998. “The Market-Model University: Humanities in the Age of Money”, Harvard Review, mayo-junio.
ETC Group (Grupo de Acción sobre Erosión, Tecnología y Concentración). 2003.
“Oligopolio, S.A.”, Communiqué, no. 82, noviembre-diciembre. [http://www.etcgroup.org/ documents/Comm82OligopNovDec03.pdf]
ETC Group (The Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration). 2002. “Still More on the Mexican GM Maize Scandal: Conquering Nature! ...and Sidestepping the Debate over Biotech and Biodiversity”, 4 de abril. [http://www.biotech-info.net/ maize_scandal.html]
FAO, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Sustainable Development
Department (SD). 1998. “Special: Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture”, SD Dimensions, febrero [http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/SUSTDEV/EPdirect/EPre0040. htm]
Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe, “Farewell to the giants”, The Guardian, Londres, 24 de mayo, 2003.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 1992. “Statement of Policy: Food Derived from New Plant Varieties; Notice”, Federal Register, vol. 57, no. 104, 29 de mayo.[http://www. cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/fr920529.pdf]
Greenpeace. 2000. Third World Traveler, “Food Fight. The Truth About Genetically Modified Organisms”. Primavera [http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Health/Food_ Fight_GP.html]
Habermas, Jürgen. 1984, 1987. The Theory of Communicative Action. (2 vols.). Boston, Beacon Press.
Hallman, W. K. et.al. 2003. Public Perceptions of Genetically Modified Foods: A National Study of American Knowledge and Opinion. New Jersey, Policy Institute, Cook College, Rutgers y The State University of New Jersey.
Harris, Gardiner. 2004. “Regulation Redefined. At F.D.A., Strong Drug Ties and Less Monitoring”, The New York Times, 6 de diciembre.
Heller, Michael A. y Rebecca S. Eisenberg, 1998. “Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research”, Science, vol. 280, no. 5364.
Ho, Mae-Wan y Lim Li Ching (redactores). 2003. Independent Science Panel, The Case for A GM-Free Sustainable World. Londres, Institute of Science in Society y Third World Network.
Ho, Mae-Wan. 2002. “Recent Evidence Confirms Risks of Horizontal Gene Transfer”, 13 de noviembre. [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/FSAopenmeeting.php]
Ho, Mae-Wan. 1998. Genetic Engineering. Dream or Nightmare. The Brave New World of Bad Science and Big Business. Bath, Gateway Books.
Ho, Mae-Wan. (s/f). “Horizontal Gene Transfer: The Hidden Hazards of Genetic Engineering”, Institute of Science in Society, [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/horizontal.php]
Horkheimer, Max y Theodor W. Adorno. 1982. Dialectic of the Enlightenment. New York, Continuun Publishing Corporation.
Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies. 2004. Safety Of Genetically Engineered Foods. Approaches To Assessing Unintended Health Effects. Washington, The National Academies Press.
Institute of Science in Society. 2000. Open Letter from World Scientists to All Governments Concerning Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/list.php]
Jonas, Hans. 1984. The Imperative of Responsibility. In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Kaczewer, Jorge. 2003. “Toxicología del glifosato: riesgos para la salud humana”.
[http:// www.mamacoca.org/FSMT_sept_2003/es/doc/kaczewer_toxicologia_del_glifosato_ es.htm]
Kaufmann, Marc. 2002. “Journal Editors Disavow Article on Biotech Corn”, Washington Post, 4 de abril.
Kenney, Martin. 1986. Bio-technology. The University-Industrial Complex. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Krimsky, Sheldon. 2003. Science and the Private Interest. Has The Lure Of Profits Corrupted Biomedical Research? Landham, Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc.
Krimsky, Sheldon. 2002. “Ethical Issues Involving the Production, Planting, and Distributing of Genetically Modified Crops”, en Marc Lappe y Britt Bailey (eds.), Engineering the Farm. Boulder, Island Press.
Krimsky, Sheldon. 1999. “The Profit of Scientific Discovery and its Normative Implications”, Chicago-Kent Law Review, vol. 75 no. 5.
Krimsky, Sheldon. 1983. Genetic Alchemy. The Social History of the Recombinant DNA Controversy. Cambridge, MIT Press.
Krimsky, Sheldon y Nora K. Murphy. 2002. “Biotechnology at the Dinner Table. FDA’s Oversight of Transgenic Food”, Annals of the American Academy, No. 584, noviembre.
Lander, Edgardo. 2002. “La utopía del mercado total poder imperial”, Revista Venezolana de Economía y ciencias Sociales, vol. 8, no. 2, mayo-agosto.
Lander, Edgardo. 2001. “Los derechos de propiedad intelectual en la geopolítica del saber de la sociedad global del conocimiento”, Comentario Internacional (Revista del Centro Andino de Estudios Internacionales), no. 2, II semestre.
Lander, Edgardo. 1994. La ciencia y la tecnología como asuntos políticos. Límites de la democracia en la sociedad tecnológica. Caracas, Editorial Nueva Sociedad, Fondo Editorial de la Asociación de Profesores de la Universidad Central de Venezuela y Publicaciones de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Lander, Edgardo. 1990. Contribución a la crítica del marxismo realmente existente: Verdad, ciencia y tecnología. Caracas, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico, Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Lean, Geoffrey (editor ambiental). 2004. “Revealed: Shocking new evidence of the dangers of GM crops. Genetically modified strains have contaminated two-thirds of all crops in US”, The Independent, Londres, 7 de marzo.
Leff, Enrique. 2004. “Más allá de la interdisciplinariedad. Racionalidad ambiental y diálogo de saberes”. Seminario internacional. Diálogo sobre la interdisciplina. ITESO. Guadalajara, 27-28 de Septiembre. (mimeo).
Lexchin, Joel; Lisa A Bero; Benjamin Djulbegovic y Otavio Clark. 2003. “Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review”, British Medical Journal, vol. 326 no. 31 mayo.
Lilley, Sasha. 2004. “World Bank Bows to Audit of Maggi Loan”, CorpWatch, 16 de diciembre. [http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=11756].
MacCormack, Carol y Marilyn Strathern (editoras). 1980. Nature, Culture and Gender. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Marshall, Eliot. 1998. “Trading in Science: A Volatile Mix of Stock Prices and Embargoed Data”, Science, vol. 282, no. 5390, 30 de octubre.
Martínez, Angeles Cruz. 2004. “Retiran Vioxx, fármaco causante de afecciones cardiovasculares”, La Jornada, México, 1 de octubre.
Merchant, Carolyn. 1983. The Death of Nature. Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution.
San Francisco, Harper & Row.
Mintzes, Barbara. 1998. “New Trends in Drug Production”. Health Action International Europe.
[http://www.haiweb.org/pubs/blurring/blurring.intro.html#INTRODUCTION]
Moher, David, Kenneth F. Schulz y Douglas G. Altman. 2001. “The CONSORT
statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group
randomised trials”, The Lancet, vol. 357, 14 de abril.
Monsanto. 2003. Monsanto Technology/Stewardship Agreement (Limited use license). [http://
www.mindfully.org/GE/2003/Monsanto-Technology-Agreement2003.htm]
Angell, Marcia. 2004. The Truth About Drug Companies. How they deceive us and what to do about it, Nueva York, Random House.
Barnett, Antony (editor de asuntos públicos). 2003. “Revealed: how drug firms ‘hoodwink’ medical journals. Pharmaceutical giants hire ghostwriters to produce articles - then put doctors’ names on them”, The Observer, 7 de diciembre .
BBC News. 2004. “Clinical drug trials ‘distorted’ ”, Londres, 9 de septiembre. [http:// news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/health/3640488.stm].
BBC News. 2003. “Key research papers ‘misleading’”, 1 de octubre. [http://news.bbc. co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/health/3113973.stm].
BBC News. 2002. “‘Ghostwritten’ research claims”, Londres, 7 de febrero. [http://news. bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1806613.stm].
Bekelman, Justin E.; Yan Li, y Cary P. Gross. 2003. “Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research A Systematic Review”, JAMA. vol. 289, no. 4:22 de enero.
Bereano, Phil y Martin Phillipson. 2004. “Goliath vs. Schmeiser”, Genewatch, vol. 17 No. 4, julio-agosto.
Berg, Paul. 2004. “Asilomar and Recombinant DNA”, The Nobel Foundation, 26 de agosto. [http://nobelprize.org/medicine/articles/berg/]
Blumenthal, D.; E. G. Campbell; M. S. Anderson; N. Causino y K. S. Louis. 1997. “Withholding research results in academic life science. Evidence from a national survey of faculty”, JAMA, vol. 277 no. 15, abril.
Boseley, Sarah. 2004. “Seroxat and Prozac ‘can make people homicidal’”, The Guardian, Londres, 21 de septiembre.
Borlaug, Norman E. “Ending World Hunger. The Promise of Biotechnology and the Threat of Antiscience Zealotry” Plant Physiology, vol. 124, octubre 2000.
Brown, Colin. 2004. “Drug companies accused of putting patients’ lives at risk”, The Independent, Londres, 15 de octubre.
Brownlee, Shannon, (Doctors Without Borders). 2004. “Why you can’t trust medical journals anymore”, Washington Monthly, abril.
Burros, Marion. 1999. “Documents Show [FDA] Officials Disagreed on Altered Food”, New York Times, 1 de diciembre.
Bush, George W., 2003. President Bush Urges Congress to Pass BioShield Legislation, The White House, Washington, 23 de junio. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/06/ print/20030623-2.htm]
Campbell, Duncan. 1999. “Going to War over Prime Numbers. Revelations from the secret world of spying raise academic questions for both history and mathematics”, Times Higher Education Supplement, Londres 22 de April.
Capra, Fritjof. 1985. El punto crucial. Ciencia, sociedad y cultura naciente, Buenos Aires, Ed. Troquel.
Correa, Carlos. 2000. Intellectual Property Rights, the WTO and Developing Countries. The TRIPS Agreement and Policy Options. Londres y Penang, Zed Books y Third World Network.Council on Governmental Relations. 1999. “The Bayh-Dole Act. A Guide to The Lawand Implementing Regulations”. [http://www.ucop.edu/ott/bayh.html]
Davidoff, Frank. et.al. 2001. “Sponsorship, authorship, and accountability”, The Lancet vol. 358, no. 9285, 15 de septiembre.
de Sousa Santos, Boaventura. 1999. La globalización del derecho. Los nuevos caminos de la regulación y la emancipación, Bogotá, Universidad Nacional de Colombia e Instituto Latinoamericano de Servicios Legales Alternativos.
Dugger, Celia, W. 2004. “Supermarket Giants Crush Central American Farmers”, New York Times, 28 de diciembre.
Easlea, Brian. 1980. Liberation and the Aims of Science. Edimburgo, Scotish Academy Press.
Engell, James y Anthony Dangerfield. 1998. “The Market-Model University: Humanities in the Age of Money”, Harvard Review, mayo-junio.
ETC Group (Grupo de Acción sobre Erosión, Tecnología y Concentración). 2003.
“Oligopolio, S.A.”, Communiqué, no. 82, noviembre-diciembre. [http://www.etcgroup.org/ documents/Comm82OligopNovDec03.pdf]
ETC Group (The Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration). 2002. “Still More on the Mexican GM Maize Scandal: Conquering Nature! ...and Sidestepping the Debate over Biotech and Biodiversity”, 4 de abril. [http://www.biotech-info.net/ maize_scandal.html]
FAO, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Sustainable Development
Department (SD). 1998. “Special: Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture”, SD Dimensions, febrero [http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/SUSTDEV/EPdirect/EPre0040. htm]
Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe, “Farewell to the giants”, The Guardian, Londres, 24 de mayo, 2003.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 1992. “Statement of Policy: Food Derived from New Plant Varieties; Notice”, Federal Register, vol. 57, no. 104, 29 de mayo.[http://www. cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/fr920529.pdf]
Greenpeace. 2000. Third World Traveler, “Food Fight. The Truth About Genetically Modified Organisms”. Primavera [http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Health/Food_ Fight_GP.html]
Habermas, Jürgen. 1984, 1987. The Theory of Communicative Action. (2 vols.). Boston, Beacon Press.
Hallman, W. K. et.al. 2003. Public Perceptions of Genetically Modified Foods: A National Study of American Knowledge and Opinion. New Jersey, Policy Institute, Cook College, Rutgers y The State University of New Jersey.
Harris, Gardiner. 2004. “Regulation Redefined. At F.D.A., Strong Drug Ties and Less Monitoring”, The New York Times, 6 de diciembre.
Heller, Michael A. y Rebecca S. Eisenberg, 1998. “Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research”, Science, vol. 280, no. 5364.
Ho, Mae-Wan y Lim Li Ching (redactores). 2003. Independent Science Panel, The Case for A GM-Free Sustainable World. Londres, Institute of Science in Society y Third World Network.
Ho, Mae-Wan. 2002. “Recent Evidence Confirms Risks of Horizontal Gene Transfer”, 13 de noviembre. [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/FSAopenmeeting.php]
Ho, Mae-Wan. 1998. Genetic Engineering. Dream or Nightmare. The Brave New World of Bad Science and Big Business. Bath, Gateway Books.
Ho, Mae-Wan. (s/f). “Horizontal Gene Transfer: The Hidden Hazards of Genetic Engineering”, Institute of Science in Society, [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/horizontal.php]
Horkheimer, Max y Theodor W. Adorno. 1982. Dialectic of the Enlightenment. New York, Continuun Publishing Corporation.
Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies. 2004. Safety Of Genetically Engineered Foods. Approaches To Assessing Unintended Health Effects. Washington, The National Academies Press.
Institute of Science in Society. 2000. Open Letter from World Scientists to All Governments Concerning Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). [http://www.i-sis.org.uk/list.php]
Jonas, Hans. 1984. The Imperative of Responsibility. In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Kaczewer, Jorge. 2003. “Toxicología del glifosato: riesgos para la salud humana”.
[http:// www.mamacoca.org/FSMT_sept_2003/es/doc/kaczewer_toxicologia_del_glifosato_ es.htm]
Kaufmann, Marc. 2002. “Journal Editors Disavow Article on Biotech Corn”, Washington Post, 4 de abril.
Kenney, Martin. 1986. Bio-technology. The University-Industrial Complex. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Krimsky, Sheldon. 2003. Science and the Private Interest. Has The Lure Of Profits Corrupted Biomedical Research? Landham, Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc.
Krimsky, Sheldon. 2002. “Ethical Issues Involving the Production, Planting, and Distributing of Genetically Modified Crops”, en Marc Lappe y Britt Bailey (eds.), Engineering the Farm. Boulder, Island Press.
Krimsky, Sheldon. 1999. “The Profit of Scientific Discovery and its Normative Implications”, Chicago-Kent Law Review, vol. 75 no. 5.
Krimsky, Sheldon. 1983. Genetic Alchemy. The Social History of the Recombinant DNA Controversy. Cambridge, MIT Press.
Krimsky, Sheldon y Nora K. Murphy. 2002. “Biotechnology at the Dinner Table. FDA’s Oversight of Transgenic Food”, Annals of the American Academy, No. 584, noviembre.
Lander, Edgardo. 2002. “La utopía del mercado total poder imperial”, Revista Venezolana de Economía y ciencias Sociales, vol. 8, no. 2, mayo-agosto.
Lander, Edgardo. 2001. “Los derechos de propiedad intelectual en la geopolítica del saber de la sociedad global del conocimiento”, Comentario Internacional (Revista del Centro Andino de Estudios Internacionales), no. 2, II semestre.
Lander, Edgardo. 1994. La ciencia y la tecnología como asuntos políticos. Límites de la democracia en la sociedad tecnológica. Caracas, Editorial Nueva Sociedad, Fondo Editorial de la Asociación de Profesores de la Universidad Central de Venezuela y Publicaciones de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Lander, Edgardo. 1990. Contribución a la crítica del marxismo realmente existente: Verdad, ciencia y tecnología. Caracas, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico, Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Lean, Geoffrey (editor ambiental). 2004. “Revealed: Shocking new evidence of the dangers of GM crops. Genetically modified strains have contaminated two-thirds of all crops in US”, The Independent, Londres, 7 de marzo.
Leff, Enrique. 2004. “Más allá de la interdisciplinariedad. Racionalidad ambiental y diálogo de saberes”. Seminario internacional. Diálogo sobre la interdisciplina. ITESO. Guadalajara, 27-28 de Septiembre. (mimeo).
Lexchin, Joel; Lisa A Bero; Benjamin Djulbegovic y Otavio Clark. 2003. “Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review”, British Medical Journal, vol. 326 no. 31 mayo.
Lilley, Sasha. 2004. “World Bank Bows to Audit of Maggi Loan”, CorpWatch, 16 de diciembre. [http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=11756].
MacCormack, Carol y Marilyn Strathern (editoras). 1980. Nature, Culture and Gender. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Marshall, Eliot. 1998. “Trading in Science: A Volatile Mix of Stock Prices and Embargoed Data”, Science, vol. 282, no. 5390, 30 de octubre.
Martínez, Angeles Cruz. 2004. “Retiran Vioxx, fármaco causante de afecciones cardiovasculares”, La Jornada, México, 1 de octubre.
Merchant, Carolyn. 1983. The Death of Nature. Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution.
San Francisco, Harper & Row.
Mintzes, Barbara. 1998. “New Trends in Drug Production”. Health Action International Europe.
[http://www.haiweb.org/pubs/blurring/blurring.intro.html#INTRODUCTION]
Moher, David, Kenneth F. Schulz y Douglas G. Altman. 2001. “The CONSORT
statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group
randomised trials”, The Lancet, vol. 357, 14 de abril.
Monsanto. 2003. Monsanto Technology/Stewardship Agreement (Limited use license). [http://
www.mindfully.org/GE/2003/Monsanto-Technology-Agreement2003.htm]
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